Table 1.
Overview of plus-strand RNA viruses and induced replication factories
| Invaginated vesicle/spherule type | |||||||
| Superfamily/order | Alphavirus like | Alphavirus like | Alphavirus like | Alphavirus like | |||
| Family | Togaviridae | Togaviridae | Togaviridae | Bromoviridae | Nodaviridae | Flaviviridae | Flaviviridae |
| Genus | Alphavirus | Alphavirus | Rubivirus | Bromovirus | Alphanodavirus | Flavivirus | Flavivirus |
| Species | SFV | SINV | RUBV | BMV | FHV | DENV | WNV |
| Genome | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | tripartite ss(+) RNA | bipartite ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA |
| Gene order | NS-S | NS-S | NS-S | NS-S | NS-S | S-NS | S-NS |
| Genome size (bases) | 13000 | 12000 | 10000 | 8300 | 4500 | 10000 | 10000 |
| Virion size (nm) | 70 | 70 | 70 | 27 | 30 | 50 | 50 |
| Envelope | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes |
| Host | Mosquitoes, humans | Mosquitoes, humans | Humans | Plants, yeast | Insects | Mosquitoes, humans | Mosquitoes, mammals |
| Disease | Encephalitis | Sinbis fever | German measels | Plant disease | Unknown | Dengue fever | Mostly asymtomatic |
| Type of replication factories | Spherules at PM and CPVs | Spherules at PM and CPVs | Invaginations at CPVs | Spherules at the ER | Spherules at mitochondria | Invaginated vesicles at the ER | Invaginated vesicles at the ER |
| Diameter of invaginations (nm) | 50 | 50 | 80-500 | 50-70 | 50 | 90 | 50-150 |
| Primary membrane source | PM, endosomes | PM, endosomes | Endosomes | ER | Outer mitochondrial membrane | ER | ER |
| Proposed sites of replication | Inside spherules | Inside spherules | Inside invaginated vesicles | Inside spherules | Inside spherules | Inside invaginated vesicles | Inside invaginated vesicles |
| Double membrane vesicle type | |||||||
| Superfamily/order | Picornavirales | Picornavirales | Nidovirales | Nidovirales | Nidovirales | ||
| Family | Flaviviridae | Picornaviridae | Picornaviridae | Coronaviridae | Coronaviridae | Arteriviridae | |
| Genus | Hepacivirus | Enterovirus | Enterovirus | Coronavirus | Coronavirus | Arterivirus | |
| Species | HCV | PV | CVB3 | SARS CoV | MHV | EAV | |
| Genome | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | ss(+) RNA | |
| Gene order | S-NS | S-NS | S-NS | S-NS | S-NS | S-NS | |
| Genome size (bases) | 9600 | 8000 | 8000 | 30000 | 30000 | 13000 | |
| Virion size (nm) | 50 | 30 | 30 | 80-160 | 80-160 | 40-60 | |
| Envelope | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Host | Humans | Humans | Humans | Humans | Mice | Horses, donkeys | |
| Disease | Hepatitis | Poliomyelitis | HFM disease | SARS | HMM illness | Haemorragic fever | |
| Type of replication factories | DMVs | SMTs, DMVs | SMTs, DMVs | DMVs, VPs | DMVs | DMVs | |
| Length/diameter of replication factories | 150 nm | 100-200 nm, 100-300 nm | 650 nm, 150 nm | 150 nm, 1-5 μm | 200-350 nm | 90 nm | |
| Primary membrane source | ER | Golgi, ER | Golgi, ER | ER | ER | ER | |
| Proposed sites of replication | Possible role of DMVs but largely unknown | On SMT/DMV outer membrane | On SMT/DMV outer membrane | Inside DMVs | Inside DMVs | Inside DMVs | |
NS: Genes encoding nonstructural proteins; S: Genes encoding structural proteins; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; PM: Plasma membrane; HFM: Hand-foot-and mouth; SARS-CoV: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; HMM: High mortality murine; DMVs: Double membrane vesicles; SMTs: Single membrane tubular vesicles; VPs: Vesicle packets; PV: Poliovirus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; CVB3: Coxsackievirus B3; MHV: Mouse hepatitis virus; EAV: Equine arterivirus; CPV: Cytoplasmic vacuoles; RUBV: Rubella virus; SFV: Semliki Forrest virus; FHV: Flock-house virus; DENV: Dengue virus; WNV: West Nile virus; BMV: Brome mosaic virus; SINV: Sindbis virus.