Table 1.
Viral life cycle and small ubiquitin-like modifier pathway
| Virus | Protein | Interaction with SUMO | Proposed impact on viral or cellular activity | Ref. |
| Chicken embryo lethal orphan Adenovirus | Gam1 | Overall SUMOylation decrease through SAE1/2 degradation and reduced Ubc9 expression | Cellular transcriptional activation | [49,50] |
| PML-NBs dispersion | [51] | |||
| Interference with HDAC1 SUMOylation | Cellular transcriptional activation | [51] | ||
| Geminivirus | AL1 | Promotes SUMOylation of selected host factors | Viral replication | [57,58] |
| Adenovirus | E1B-55K | E3 ligase SUMO-1 specific | Regulator of cell cycle and apoptosis | [59,60] |
| SUMOylated | Cellular transformation | [63] | ||
| Interaction with PML-NBs | [62,64] | |||
| Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus | K-bZip | E3 ligase SUMO-2/3 specific | Regulator of cell cycle and apoptosis | [66] |
| SUMOylated | Cellular transcriptional repression | [65,66] | ||
| K-Rta | E3 ubiquitin ligase activity against SUMOylated proteins | PML-NBs dispersion | [119] | |
| Vaccinia | E3 | SUMOylated | Regulator of apoptosis | [69] |
| A40R | SUMOylated | Viral replication | [74] | |
| Bovine papillomavirus | E1 | SUMOylated | Viral replication | [71,72] |
| Human papillomavirus | L2 | SUMOylated | Viral capsid assembly | [93] |
| Increase in cellular SUMO 2/3 conjugation | [93] | |||
| Moloney murine leukemia | CA | SUMOylated | Viral replication | [75] |
| Influenza A | NS1 | SUMOylated | Viral replication | [78] |
| Cytomegalovirus | IE1 | SUMOylated | Viral replication | [80,81] |
| Interaction with selected host factors | PML dispersion | [123] | ||
| SUMOylated | ||||
| IE2 | Interaction with SUMOylated proteins | Viral replication | [82] | |
| SUMOylated | Viral replication | [83] | ||
| UL44 | Interaction with Ubc9 | Viral replication | [84] | |
| Epstein-Barr | BZLF1 | SUMOylated | Reactivation of latent infections | [85,86,88] |
| Rta | SUMOylated | Reactivation of latent infections | [89] | |
| BGLF4 | Interaction with SUMOylated proteins | Viral replication and reactivation of latent infections | [91] | |
| PML-NBs dispersion | ||||
| Hantaan | NP | Interaction with Ubc9 and SUMO-1 | Virus assembly | [95,96] |
| Mason-Pfizer; human immunodeficiency | Gag | Interaction with Ubc9 | Virus assembly | [97] |
| [98-100] | ||||
| Influenza A | M1 | SUMOylated | Virus assembly | [102,103] |
| Ebola Zaire | VP35 | Promotes SUMOylation of selected host factors | IFN inhibition | [109,111] |
| Herpes simplex type-1 | ICP0 | E3 ubiquitin ligase activity against SUMOylated proteins | PML-NBs dispersion | [115-117] |
| Varicella zoster | ORF61 | Interaction with SUMOylated proteins | PML-NBs dispersion | [120,121] |
| Encephalomyocarditis | 3C | Interaction with selected host factors | PML degradation | [122] |
The table schematizes known viral proteins interacting with the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway, with a brief description of their relationship with the SUMOylation machinery and the proposed biological outcome. References are also reported (see text for further details). SAE: SUMO-activating enzyme subunit; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; PML-NBs: ProMyelocyticLeukaemia nuclear bodies; IFN: Interferon.