Table 1. Percentage energy contribution from selected food groups across the four dietary patterns among 2875 non-diabetic adults participating in the Framingham Offspring Study at the fifth examination cycle *.
| Fruits Reduced Fat Dairy and Whole Grains (n=577) | Refined Grains and Sweets (n= 1846) | Beer (n=242) | Soda (n=210) | |||||||
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| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |||
| High fat dairy | 5.1a | 0.2 | 6.8b | 0.1 | 6.4b | 0.3 | 6.1ab | 0.4 | ||
| Reduced fat dairy | 5.1a | 0.2 | 3.8b | 0.1 | 2.8c | 0.3 | 2.2c | 0.3 | ||
| High fat dairy desserts | 0.8a | 0.1 | 1.2b | 0.0 | 0.9ab | 0.1 | 1.2b | 0.1 | ||
| Reduced fat dairy deserts | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | ||
| Margarine | 1.2ab | 0.1 | 1.4a | 0.0 | 1.1b | 0.1 | 1.5ab | 0.1 | ||
| Miscellaneous fats | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | ||
| Fruit juices | 5.5a | 0.1 | 2.2b | 0.1 | 1.9b | 0.2 | 2.0b | 0.2 | ||
| Fruits | 8.5a | 0.2 | 5.0b | 0.1 | 3.5c | 0.3 | 3.2c | 0.3 | ||
| Fruit drinks | 2.8a | 0.1 | 1.6bc | 0.1 | 1.2b | 0.2 | 2.1ac | 0.2 | ||
| Tofu and beans | 0.9a | 0.0 | 0.6b | 0.0 | 0.6b | 0.1 | 0.5b | 0.1 | ||
| Nuts and seeds | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.2 | ||
| Vegetables | 5.0a | 0.1 | 3.9b | 0.0 | 3.6bc | 0.1 | 3.2c | 0.1 | ||
| Starchy vegetables | 4.9 | 0.1 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 4.6 | 0.2 | ||
| Eggs | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | ||
| Poultry | 6.0a | 0.2 | 5.5b | 0.1 | 4.6c | 0.3 | 4.4c | 0.3 | ||
| Processed meat | 1.2a | 0.1 | 1.9b | 0.0 | 2.0b | 0.1 | 2.0b | 0.1 | ||
| Liver | 0.05a | 0.01 | 0.09b | 0.01 | 0.07ab | 0.02 | 0.07ab | 0.02 | ||
| Meat | 4.8a | 0.2 | 6.6b | 0.1 | 6.4b | 0.3 | 6.9b | 0.3 | ||
| Fish and other seafood | 3.3a | 0.1 | 2.4b | 0.0 | 2.1bc | 0.1 | 2.0c | 0.1 | ||
| Whole grain cereal | 2.2a | 0.1 | 1.6b | 0.1 | 0.9c | 0.2 | 0.8c | 0.2 | ||
| Refined grain cereal | 1.3a | 0.1 | 0.8b | 0.0 | 0.5b | 0.1 | 0.8b | 0.1 | ||
| Whole grains | 6.6a | 0.2 | 3.7b | 0.1 | 2.8c | 0.3 | 2.0c | 0.3 | ||
| Refined grains | 7.3a | 0.2 | 9.5b | 0.1 | 7.0a | 0.3 | 7.8a | 0.3 | ||
| Pasta | 3.2a | 0.1 | 3.0a | 0.1 | 2.8ab | 0.2 | 2.4b | 0.2 | ||
| Chocolate | 1.0a | 0.1 | 2.4b | 0.1 | 2.0b | 0.2 | 2.7b | 0.2 | ||
| Candy w/out chocolate | 0.5a | 0.1 | 0.9b | 0.1 | 0.5ab | 0.2 | 0.8ab | 0.2 | ||
| Sweet baked foods | 2.9a | 0.2 | 9.0b | 0.1 | 3.9a | 0.3 | 6.1c | 0.3 | ||
| Miscellaneous sweets | 1.4a | 0.1 | 1.5a | 0.0 | 1.2a | 0.1 | 2.0b | 0.1 | ||
| Vegetable oils | 2.7a | 0.1 | 2.6a | 0.1 | 2.6a | 0.2 | 2.0b | 0.2 | ||
| Chowder/cream soup | 0.4a | 0.0 | 0.5b | 0.0 | 0.4ab | 0.0 | 0.4ab | 0.0 | ||
| Soda | 1.1a | 0.1 | 1.5b | 0.1 | 1.7b | 0.2 | 15.9c | 0.2 | ||
| Beer | 0.9a | 0.1 | 0.9a | 0.1 | 18.1b | 0.2 | 1.1a | 0.2 | ||
| Red wine | 0.8a | 0.1 | 0.5b | 0.0 | 0.8ab | 0.1 | 0.3b | 0.1 | ||
| White wine | 1.1a | 0.1 | 0.8b | 0.1 | 0.8ab | 0.1 | 0.3c | 0.1 | ||
| Liquor | 2.1a | 0.1 | 1.2b | 0.1 | 1.5ab | 0.2 | 1.2b | 0.2 | ||
| Coffee | 0.6 | 0.02 | 0.7 | 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.04 | 0.6 | 0.04 | ||
| Mixed dishes | 3.9a | 0.2 | 5.6b | 0.1 | 4.8c | 0.2 | 5.6bc | 0.3 | ||
| Salty snacks | 1.0a | 0.1 | 1.3b | 0.0 | 1.2ab | 0.1 | 1.5c | 0.1 | ||
| Fired food | 0.5a | 0.0 | 0.6b | 0.0 | 0.6bc | 0.0 | 0.7c | 0.0 | ||
| Diet soda (servings/d) | 0.6a | 0.0 | 0.6a | 0.0 | 0.5a | 0.1 | 0.2b | 0.1 | ||
*
Adjusted for age and sex.
a,b,c,dValues in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<0.05) using Tukey-Kramer's adjustment for multiple comparisons; Means that are underlined are lowest and means that are bold are highest in the row.