. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 27.

Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2009 Feb 16;102(4):576–583. doi: 10.1017/S0007114509220836

Table 2. Sample characteristic, nutrient intake, glycemic index and glycemic load across the four dietary patterns.

	Fruits, Reduced Fat Dairy and Whole Grains (n=577)		Refined Grains and Sweets (n=1846)		Beer (n=242)		Soda (n=210)

	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Sample characteristics
Age at exam 5 (yrs)	55.7	0.4	53.8	0.2	51.5	0.6	51.5	0.7
Sex (%, male)	32.8		41.5		87.2		53.3
Nutrients^*
Energy (KJ/d)	7236^a	106	7982^b	59	7955^b	165	8296^b	173
Protein (% energy)	17.5^a	0.1	17.1^b	0.1	15.0^c	0.2	14.4^c	0.2
Carbohydrate (% energy)	55.0^a	0.3	50.0^b	0.2	45.0^c	0.5	56.2^a	0.5
Sucrose (% energy)	9.1^a	0.2	10.2^b	0.1	7.1^c	0.3	13.6^d	0.3
Fiber (g/d)	21.7^a	0.2	17.3^b	0.1	15.6^c	0.4	12.7^d	0.4
Alcohol (% energy)	4.4^a	0.2	2.9^b	0.1	14.4^c	0.3	2.5^b	0.3
Total fat (% energy)	23.4^a	0.2	29.5^b	0.1	25.2^c	0.4	26.6^d	0.4
Saturate fat (% energy)	8.6^a	0.1	11.3^b	0.1	9.9^c	0.2	10.5^c	0.2
Monounsaturate fat (% energy)	9.2^a	0.1	12.1^b	0.1	10.2^c	0.2	10.9^d	0.2
Polyunsaturate fat (% energy)	5.6^a	0.1	6.1^b	0.0	5.1^c	0.1	5.2^c	0.1
Cholesterol (mg/d)	207^a	3	237^b	2	206^a	5	217^a	5
Potassium (mg/d)	3333^a	42	3032^b	23	2845^c	66	2581^d	69
Magnesium (mg/d)	328^a	5	298^b	3	325^a	7	248^c	7
Calcium (mg/d)	858^a	18	842^a	10	698^b	28	692^b	29
Sodium (mg/d)	1955^a	33	2245^b	18	1986^a	51	1996^a	53
Glycemic index	77.8^a	0.2	78.2^a	0.1	73.4^b	0.3	81.3^c	0.3

DGAI	11.1^a	0.1	8.6^b	0.1	8.0^c	0.1	7.7^c	0.2

DGAI: Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index, a measure of diet quality based on adherence to the key dietary intake recommendations in 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

^a,b,c,dValues in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P<0.05) using Tukey-Kramer's adjustment for multiple comparisons; Means that are underlined are lowest and means that are bold are highest in the row.

Adjusted for age, sex and total energy