Table 3. The predictors for developing MetS in each gender and the whole population in models with and without HOMA-IR.
| Men | Women | Whole population |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard ratio (CI) | Hazard ratio (CI) | Hazard ratio (CI) | Hazard ratio (CI) | Hazard ratio (CI) | Hazard ratio (CI) | |
| Age(years) | 1.01 (0.99-1.01) | 1.01 (0.99-1.02) | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | 1.03 (1.02-1.04) | 1.01 (1.01-1.02) | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Female | 0.54 (0.47-0.63) | 0.58 (0.47-0.70) | ||||
| eGFR(ml/min/1.73m2) | ||||||
| < 60 (1) | 0.95 (0.61-1.47) | 1.10 (0.61-1.98) | 1.25 (0.73-2.12) | 0.77 (0.41-1.44) | 1.12 (0.81-1.53) | 0.96 (0.64-1.44) |
| ≥ 60 &<75 (2) | 0.91 (0.66-1.25) | 0.96 (0.63-1.46) | 0.11 (0.69-1.80) | 0.89 (0.51-1.55) | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) | 0.92 (0.66-1.28) |
| ≥75 &<90 (3) | 0.88 (0.64-1.20) | 0.94 (0.62-1.41) | 0.99 (0.61-1.61) | 0.75 (0.43-1.31) | 0.88 (0.68-1.14) | 0.83 (0.59-1.15) |
| ≥ 90 (4) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Divorced / Widowed | 1.58 (0.58-4.29) | 2.04 (0.62-6.75) | 0.73 (0.51-1.04) | 0.68 (0.41-1.12) | 1.06 (0.77-1.46) | 1.02 (0.66-1.58) |
| Single (2) | 0.82 (0.62-1.07) | 0.81 (0.56-1.17) | 0.72 (0.49-1.07) | 0.92 (0.58-1.45) | 0.89 (0.72-1.10) | 1.02 (0.78-1.34) |
| HCVD | ||||||
| No | Not Applicable* | Not Applicable* | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.96 (0.57-1.82) | 1.01 (0.49-2.05) | 1.026 | 0.80 (0.49-1.30) | ||
| Education Level | ||||||
| Higher than diploma | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Diploma/below diploma (2) | 0.99 (0.74-1.32) | 0.82 (0.54-1.24) | 1.38 (0.97-1.96) | 1.32 (0.84-2.08) | 1.24 (1.00-1.54) | 1.18 (0.89-1.57) |
| Illiterate/Primary School(1) | 1.20 (0.95-1.51) | 1.19 (0.87-1.63) | 1.18 (0.86-1.63) | 1.07 (0.71-1.60) | 1.18 (0.98-1.42) | 1.12 (0.88-1.43) |
| High TG | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.05 (1.70-2.48) | 1.89 (1.45-2.46) | 2.81 (2.27-3.47) | 2.87 (2.19-3.78) | 2.45 (2.13-2.83) | 2.52 (2.09-3.03) |
| High FPG | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 2.03 (1.53-2.69) | 1.84 (1.21-2.77) | 2.70 (1.94-3.75) | 2.38 (1.50-3.76) | 2.23 (1.80-2.76) | 2.11 (1.56-2.86) |
| High Waist | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.41 (1.07-1.87) | 1.47 (0.97-2.22) | 2.21 (1.72-2.84) | 2.36 (1.72-3.25) | 1.76 (1.46-2.11) | 2.73 (1.35-2.22) |
| High BP | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.71 (1.34-2.18) | 1.48 (1.03-2.12) | 2.07 (1.60-2.70) | 2.08 (1.49-2.91) | 1.85 (1.55-2.21) | 2.69 (1.33-2.16) |
| Low HDL_C | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.79 (1.48-2.15) | 1.62 (1.25-2.11) | 1.99 (1.61-2.47) | 2.16 (1.64-2.85) | 1.86 (1.61-2.14) | 2.81 (1.50-2.19) |
| BMI(kg/m2) | ||||||
| < 25 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| ≥25 &< 30 (1) | 1.74 (1.41-2.15) | 1.61 (1.19-2.18) | 1.98 (1.59-2.48) | 2.09 (1.57-2.78) | 1.84 (1.59-2.13) | 1.83 (1.51-2.23) |
| ≥ 30 (2) | 1.67 (1.07-2.60) | 1.09 (0.56-2.13) | 2.18 (1.62-2.92) | 2.23 (1.53-3.25) | 2.10 (1.66-2.65) | 1.99 (1.46-2.70) |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Not Applicable* | Not Applicable* | Reference | |
| Past / Current | 0.97 (0.81-1.15) | 1.02 (0.80-1.32) | 0.96 (0.82-1.12) | 1.02 (0.82-1.26) | ||
| FHDM | ||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.20 (0.99-1.15) | 1.14 (0.87-1.49) | 1.29 (1.08-1.56) | 1.53 (1.22-1.92) | 1.26 (1.11-1.44) | 1.37 (1.16-1.63) |
| HOMA-IR** | ||||||
| HOMA-IR group | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| HOMA-IR group (1) | 1.25 (0.86-1.79) | 1.38 (0.98-1.94) | 1.56 (1.22-1.99) | |||
| HOMA-IR group (2) | 1.38 (0.95-2.00) | 1.36 (0.96-1.92) | 1.36 (1.02-1.72) | |||
| HOMA-IR group (3) | 1.50 (1.03-2.17) | 1.63 (1.16-2.28) | 1.57 (1.22-2.04) | |||
eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; TG: triglyceride; HDL-C: High density lipoprotein, BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; HCVD: history of cardiovascular disease; FHDM: family history of diabetes mellitus; HOMA-IR: Insulin resistance estimated by the homeostasis model assessment
*
P value > 0.2 in univariable analysis;
**
Insulin was measured in 1611 participants (men: 588, women: 1023)