Table 1.
Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of 56 Male Adolescents: CUD in full remission (Group 1), Controls with Psychopathology (and without SUD history), (Group 2), and Healthy Controls (Group 3)
| Characteristics | Group, Mean (SD) Score | Test Statistic | p | Pairwise Group Differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CUD (1) | Controls with Psychopathology (2) | Healthy Controls (3) | ||||
| N | (n=15) | (n=23) | (n=18) | F1,53=3.9 | .02 | 1>2* |
| Age, years | ||||||
| Mean (SD) Range | 16.4 ± .73 (14.7–17.2) | 15.4 ± 1.4 (12.9–17.4) | 16.0 ± 1.2 (13.5–17.1) | |||
| IQ | 113.7 ± 11.3 | 106.6 ± 13.5 | 114.4 ± 10.5 | F1,53=2.6 | .08 | |
| Number of Biological Parents with SUD History (0,1,2) | (6/9/0) | (14/7/2) | (13/5/0) | X2=7.1 | .13 | |
| Handedness (right/left) | 13/2 | 19/4 | 15/3 | X2=0.1 | .94 | |
| Ever tried Cannabis? (yes/no) | 15/0 | 4/19 | 5/13 | X2=27.7 | .0001 | 1>2,3** |
| Ever tried Tobacco? (yes/no) | 15/0 | 6/17 | 4/14 | X2=25.5 | .0001 | 1>2,3** |
| Ever tried Alcohol? (yes/no) | 14/1 | 10/13 | 15/3 | X2=13.02 | .002 | 1,3>2** |
| Cannabis/Tobacco/Alcohol/other Substance Use in the 4 weeks prior to MRI scan (yes/no) | 0/15 | 0/23 | 0/18 | __ | ||
| Comparisons between Controls with Psychopathology (2) and CUD group (1) only | ||||||
| Number of Co-morbid Axis I Psychiatric disorders (Range) | 2.13 ± 0.99 (1–3) | 1.8 ± 0.85 (1–3) | 0 - |
t1,36=1.16 | .25 | |
| Any Depressive Disorder (yes/no) | 9/6 | 9/10 | 0/18 | FET | .51 | |
| Any Anxiety Disorder (yes/no) | 11/4 | 11/12 | 0/18 | FET | .18 | |
| Any Disruptive Disorder (yes/no) | 12/3 | 20/3 | 0/18 | FET | .66 | |
| ADHD Combined Type (yes/no) | 3/12 | 3/20 | 0/18 | FET | .66 | |
| ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type (yes/no) | 3/12 | 8/15 | 0/18 | FET | .47 | |
| ADHD Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsivity Type (yes/no) | 1/14 | 3/20 | 0/18 | FET | .99 | |
| ADHD NOS | 0/15 | 2/21 | 0/18 | FET | .51 | |
| Oppositional Defiant Disorder (yes/no) | 6/9 | 8/15 | 0/18 | FET | .99 | |
| Conduct Disorder (yes/no) | 8/7 | 2/21 | 0/18 | FET | .006 | 1>2 |
| Major Depression (yes/no) | 7/8 | 8/15 | 0/18 | X2=0.54 | .46 | |
| Dysthymia (yes/no) | 5/10 | 2/21 | 0/18 | FET | .09 | |
| Depressive Disorder, NOS (yes/no) | 1/14 | 1/22 | 0/18 | FET | .99 | |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (yes/no) | 5/10 | 5/20 | 0/18 | FET | .47 | |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (yes/no) | 5/10 | 3/20 | 0/18 | FET | .99 | |
| Panic Disorder (yes/no) | 1/14 | 1/22 | 0/18 | FET | .64 | |
| Substance Use Characteristics of the CUD group | ||||||
| Mean age of CUD onset (years) | 14.6 ± 1.32 | |||||
| Mean CUD duration (years) | 1.26 ± 0.83 | |||||
| Mean time between the last cannabis use and MRI scan (days) Range (days) | 133.9 ± 57.9 (60–220) | |||||
| Maximum weekly use (joints) | 19 ± 27.8 | |||||
| Greatest daily use (joints) | 9.14 ± 11.1 | |||||
| History of Nicotine Dependence (yes/no) | 4/11 | 0/23 | 0/0 | __ | ||
| History of Alcohol Abuse (yes/no) | 4/11 | 0/23 | 0/0 | __ | ||
| History of Alcohol Dependence (yes/no) | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | __ | ||
| History of Other Substance Use Disorder (yes/no) | 0/0 | 0/0 | 0/0 | __ | ||
Abbreviations: CUD, adolescents with cannabis use disorder in full early remission; FET=Fisher’s Exact Test;
*
Post-hoc LS Means Differences Tukey-Kramer HSD all pairwise comparison, p<.05; **Post-hoc Analysis of Means of Proportion