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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Jun 4;133(1):188–197. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.010

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Breakthrough withdrawal medication doses by group and day within each phase. ER = extended-release. ▲indicates when both tramadol groups underwent double blind crossover to placebo; placebo group remained on placebo. Data are means with S.E. bars in one direction. There were significant Phase 1 group effects for the number of doses of all breakthrough withdrawal medications (top panel) and for each individual medication except zolpidem. During Phase 2, there were significant group effects for total doses, acetaminophen, and zolpidem. A filled symbol indicates a significant post-hoc difference compared to placebo at that time point.