Table 3.

Relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and substance use outcomes among U.S. women

	Daily tobacco use	Drinking within guidelines	Monthly drunkenness	Monthly marijuana use	Monthly other drug use
*Bivariate models*	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*

Neighborhood SES ^a
Disadvantaged	1.16 (0.99, 1.35)^†	1.34 (1.12, 1.59)^**	0.88 (0.61, 1.27)	0.91 (0.60, 1.38)	1.61 (1.14, 2.26)^**
Affluent	0.63 (0.51, 0.76)^**	0.76 (0.64, 0.90)^**	0.89 (0.59, 1.34)	0.40 (0.21, 0.78)^**	0.68 (0.43, 1.06)^†

*Multivariate models* ^b	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*	*OR (95% CI)*

Married/partnered	0.74 (0.63, 0.88)^**	1.33 (1.13, 1.58)^**	0.42 (0.29, 0.60)^**	0.71 (0.45, 1.12)	0.70 (0.49, 1.01) ^†
Age ^c
18–29 years	2.60 (2.00, 3.40)^**	0.15 (0.11, 0.20)^**	64.74 (24.52, 170.93)^**	184.06 (24.15, 1403.06)^**	2.15 (1.26, 3.66)^**
30–39 years	3.42 (2.60, 4.51)^**	0.25 (0.19, 0.34)^**	17.74 (6.36, 49.48)^**	73.71 (9.44, 575.79)^**	1.47 (0.78, 2.77)
40–49 years	2.90 (2.23, 3.78)^**	0.40 (0.30, 0.54)^**	22.70 (8.44, 61.02)^**	64.80 (8.23, 509.99)^**	1.54 (0.84, 2.83)
50–59 years	2.69 (2.07, 3.50)^**	0.69 (0.51, 0.97)^*	7.29 (2.52, 21.08)^**	34.81 (4.26, 284.33)^**	2.33 (1.36, 3.98)^**
Race/ethnicity ^d
African American	0.49 (0.40, 0.61)^**	3.17 (2.50, 4.02)^**	0.56 (0.35, 0.90)^*	0.57 (0.34, 0.93)^*	0.95 (0.61, 1.49)
Hispanic/Latino	0.29 (0.21, 0.39)^**	1.78 (1.39, 2.29)^**	0.34 (0.20, 0.58)^**	0.37 (0.21, 0.67)^**	0.62 (0.30, 1.29)
Other race/ethnicity	0.72 (0.50, 1.05) ^†	2.05 (1.27, 3.31)^**	0.47 (0.21, 1.03) ^†	1.36 (0.57, 3.23)	1.07 (0.54, 2.10)
Education ^e
Less than high school	3.51 (2.65, 4.63)^**	1.92 (1.40, 2.64)^**	1.54 (0.88, 2.70)	2.34 (1.18, 4.64)^*	1.64 (0.93, 2.87) ^†
High school graduate	2.66 (2.12, 3.33)^**	1.34 (1.09, 1.66)^**	0.77 (0.48, 1.22)	0.86 (0.45, 1.64)	1.03 (0.64, 1.67)
Some college	2.37 (1.91, 2.95)^**	0.93 (0.76, 1.13)	1.22 (0.74, 1.72)	1.72 (0.93, 3.17) ^†	1.75 (1.09, 2.79)^*
Employment status ^f
Unemployed	1.36 (0.97, 1.90) ^†	1.28 (0.81, 2.01)	1.05 (0.51, 2.16)	1.39 (0.69, 2.81)	0.41 (0.18, 0.94)^*
Not in workforce	0.96 (0.81, 1.15)	1.49 (1.23, 1.81)^**	0.78 (0.49, 1.24)	0.85 (0.51, 1.42)	1.45 (0.99, 2.11) ^†
Income ^g
< $10,000	1.39 (0.97, 2.00) ^†	1.45 (1.01, 2.08)^*	0.99 (0.47, 2.06)	5.47 (1.38, 21.76)^*	0.90 (0.37, 2.22)
$10,001–20,000	1.44 (1.01, 2.05)^*	1.53 (1.10, 2.13)^*	1.14 (0.58, 2.24)	5.12 (1.30, 20.06)^*	0.90 (0.38, 2.13)
$20,001–40,000	1.57 (1.14, 2.17)^**	1.57 (1.19, 2.08)^**	0.60 (0.32, 1.13)	3.56 (0.96, 13.16) ^†	0.78 (0.34, 1.76)
$40,001–60,000	1.14 (0.81, 1.59)	1.50 (1.12, 2.00)^**	0.90 (0.49, 1.67)	2.96 (0.74, 11.88)	1.24 (0.55, 2.81)
$60,001–80,000	0.82 (0.56, 1.20)	1.29 (0.95, 1.75)	0.84 (0.40, 1.78)	4.12 (1.06, 16.07)^*	0.71 (0.29, 1.75)
Missing income	0.88 (0.62, 1.26)	2.02 (1.44, 2.81)^**	0.61 (0.28, 1.77)	1.66 (0.40, 6.87)	0.53 (0.23, 1.26)
Urban neighborhood	0.93 (0.79, 1.09)	0.86 (0.73, 1.03) ^†	0.98 (0.68, 1.40)	1.03 (0.63, 1.69)	0.96 (0.66, 1.39)
Neighborhood SES ^a
Disadvantaged	1.24 (1.03, 1.47)^*	1.07 (0.89, 1.31)	0.77 (0.51, 1.19)	0.74 (0.48, 1.15)	1.54 (1.05, 2.26)^*
Affluent	0.81 (0.65, 1.00)^*	0.89 (0.73, 1.09)	0.80 (0.51, 1.27)	0.43 (0.21, 0.89)^*	0.66 (0.38, 1.14)
Obs (Wtd. N)	7,477 (7,258)	7,451 (7,242)	7,406 (7,190)	7,497 (7,263)	7,522 (7,301)

OR, odds ratio. CI, confidence interval. Obs, number of observations. Wtd. N, weighted sample size.

Middle-class neighborhood is reference.

Models also controlled for survey year and precision of geocode.

60 and older is reference.

White is reference.

College graduate is reference.

Employed is reference.

Over $80,000 is reference.

^†

p < .10

p < .05.

^**

p < .01