Table 4.

Relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and substance use outcomes among U.S. men further adjusted for additional confounders and possible mediators^a

	Daily tobacco use	Drinking within guidelines	Monthly drunkenness	Monthly marijuana use	Monthly other drug use
Married/partnered	0.96 (0.82, 1.14)	1.33 (1.13, 1.57)^**	0.54 (0.43, 0.69)^**	0.76 (0.56, 1.03) ^†	0.88 (0.60, 1.28)
Age ^b
18–29 years	2.87 (2.14, 3.86)^**	0.11 (0.08, 0.15)^**	17.25 (9.40, 31.67)^**	19.63 (7.93, 48.60)^**	1.32 (0.66, 2.65)
30–39 years	2.87 (2.14, 3.86)^**	0.18 (0.13, 0.24)^**	7.04 (3.78, 13.12)^**	13.34 (5.20, 34.18)^**	0.74 (0.34, 1.60)
40–49 years	3.00 (2.25, 4.00)^**	0.33 (0.24, 0.46)^**	5.04 (2.71, 9.35)^**	7.83 (3.08, 19.92)^**	1.06 (0.53, 2.10)
50–59 years	2.31 (1.73, 3.10)^**	0.53 (0.38, 0.74)^**	2.80 (1.43, 5.48)^**	5.92 (2.23, 15.76)^**	1.22 (0.61, 2.44)
Race/ethnicity ^c
African American	0.59 (0.48, 0.74)^**	2.12 (1.65, 2.73)^**	0.83 (0.58, 1.18)	1.53 (1.00, 2.35) ^†	1.65 (0.97, 2.81) ^†
Hispanic/Latino	0.43 (0.34, 0.55)^**	1.05 (0.85, 1.29)	0.77 (0.56, 1.05) ^†	0.60 (0.37, 0.99)^*	0.67 (0.40, 1.14)
Other race/ethnicity	1.11 (0.81, 1.52)	1.93 (1.34, 2.76)^**	0.72 (0.46, 1.14)	1.36 (0.81, 2.29)	1.30 (0.67, 2.53)
Education ^d
Less than high school	2.77 (2.15, 3.58)^**	1.44 (1.11, 1.87)^*	0.76 (0.51, 1.14)	1.69 (1.02, 2.81)^*	2.06 (1.13, 3.76)^*
High school graduate	2.31 (1.88, 2.82)^**	1.09 (0.89, 1.33)	0.67 (0.50, 0.91)^*	1.52 (0.98, 2.37) ^†	1.93 (1.12, 3.33)^*
Some college	2.07 (1.69, 2.53)^**	0.89 (0.73, 1.08)	0.99 (0.74, 1.30)	1.41 (0.94, 2.12)	1.63 (0.95, 2.79) ^†
Employment status ^e
Unemployed	1.07 (0.77, 1.50)	1.05 (0.74, 1.49)	0.81 (0.48, 1.37)	2.15 (1.37, 3.38)^**	1.08 (0.54, 2.16)
Not in workforce	1.23 (0.99, 1.53) ^†	1.37 (1.08, 1.73)^*	0.82 (0.59, 1.15)	2.00 (1.35, 2.97)^**	1.72 (1.03, 2.87)^*
Income ^f
< $10,000	1.39 (1.00, 1.94) ^†	1.24 (0.89, 1.74)	1.18 (0.74, 1.88)	1.34 (0.75, 2.42)	1.29 (0.62, 2.68)
$10,001–20,000	1.38 (1.03, 1.86)^*	1.80 (1.33, 2.43)^**	1.05 (0.68, 1.63)	1.50 (0.85, 2.63)	1.19 (0.60, 2.38)
$20,001–40,000	1.55 (1.21, 1.99)^**	1.24 (0.98, 1.57) ^†	1.07 (0.75, 1.53)	1.04 (0.62, 1.72)	1.13 (0.60, 2.13)
$40,001–60,000	1.39 (1.08, 1.80)^**	1.10 (0.86, 1.40)	1.14 (0.78, 1.66)	1.01 (0.59, 1.73)	0.80 (0.41, 1.57)
$60,001–80,000	1.17 (0.89, 1.55)	1.11 (0.86, 1.43)	0.98 (0.65, 1.46)	0.95 (0.53, 1.72)	1.22 (0.58, 2.56)
Missing income	1.23 (0.91, 1.68)	1.37 (1.00, 1.88) ^†	0.65 (0.40, 1.07) ^†	1.56 (0.86, 2.83)	0.89 (0.38, 2.05)
Sense of coherence	1.00 (0.90, 1.11)	0.95 (0.85, 1.07)	0.85 (0.72, 1.00)^*	0.93 (0.76, 1.14)	0.83 (0.65, 1.06)
Depression	1.10 (1.00, 1.21) ^†	0.91 (0.83, 1.00)^*	1.16 (1.01, 1.33)^*	1.29 (1.05, 1.58)^*	1.79 (1.39, 2.31)^**
Family history of alcohol problems	1.24 (1.08, 1.43)^**	0.78 (0.68, 0.90)^**	1.19 (0.96, 1.47)	1.72 (1.28, 2.31)^**	1.89 (1.30, 2.75)^**
Heavy drinking in teens	1.88 (1.63, 2.17)^**	0.28 (0.24, 0.33)^**	4.15 (3.32, 5.19)^**	3.38 (2.53, 4.51)^**	2.12 (1.47, 3.07)^**
Urban neighborhood	0.98 (0.83, 1.14)	1.00 (0.85, 1.17)	1.02 (0.80, 1.30)	1.43 (1.02, 1.99)^*	1.12 (0.75, 1.69)
Neighborhood SES ^g
Disadvantaged	1.27 (1.06, 1.51)^**	1.16 (0.97, 1.39)	0.84 (0.65, 1.09)	1.05 (0.74, 1.50)	0.68 (0.44, 1.04) ^†
Affluent	0.79 (0.65, 0.97)^*	0.91 (0.75, 1.09)	1.09 (0.83, 1.44)	1.25 (0.87, 1.79)	0.88 (0.55, 1.40)
Obs (Wtd. N)	6,190 (6,464)	6,198 (6,470)	6,189 (6,462)	6,194 (6,462)	6,526 (6,805)

OR, odds ratio. CI, confidence interval. Obs, number of observations. Wtd. N, weighted sample size.

Models also controlled for survey year, precision of geocode and region of country.

60 and older is reference.

White is reference.

College graduate is reference.

Employed is reference.

Over $80,000 is reference.

Middle-class neighborhood is reference.

^†

p<.10

p<.05.

^**

p<.01