Table 5.

Relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and substance use outcomes among U.S. women further adjusted for additional confounders and possible mediators^a

	Daily tobacco use	Drinking within guidelines	Monthly drunkenness	Monthly marijuana use	Monthly other drug use
Married/partnered	0.78 (0.66, 0.92)**	1.36 (1.14, 1.63)**	0.40 (0.27, 0.59)**	0.74 (0.45, 1.22)	0.76 (0.53, 1.10)
Age b
18–29 years	1.97 (1.49, 2.63)**	0.21 (0.15, 0.28)**	41.61 (14.85, 116.61)**	91.98 (11.91, 710.13)**	1.57 (0.91, 2.71)
30–39 years	2.55 (1.90, 3.43)**	0.40 (0.29, 0.55)**	10.55 (3.57, 31.14)**	33.74 (4.30, 264.93)**	1.15 (0.61, 2.18)
40–49 years	2.12 (1.60, 2.81)**	0.60 (0.44, 0.83)**	13.18 (4.61, 37.72)**	31.74 (3.87, 260.13)**	1.04 (0.54, 2.01)
50–59 years	2.37 (1.80, 3.12)**	0.91 (0.65, 1.26)	5.63 (1.81, 17.49)**	20.31 (2.42, 170.58)**	1.90 (1.09, 3.31)*
Race/ethnicity c
African American	0.55 (0.44, 0.68)**	2.42 (1.89, 3.11)**	0.72 (0.43, 1.19)	0.79 (0.45, 1.37)	1.06 (0.67, 1.68)
Hispanic/Latino	0.35 (0.25, 0.48)**	1.53 (1.17, 2.01)**	0.51 (0.30, 0.88)*	0.47 (0.24, 0.90)*	0.62 (0.30, 1.27)
Other race/ethnicity	0.75 (0.51, 1.10)	1.86 (1.16, 3.00)**	0.48 (0.21, 1.11) †	1.28 (0.52, 3.12)	0.89 (0.43, 1.87)
Education d
Less than high school	3.37 (2.52, 4.51)**	1.88 (1.36, 2.61)**	1.32 (0.71, 2.46)	2.05 (0.93, 4.48) †	1.47 (0.83, 2.63)
High school graduate	2.56 (2.02, 3.24)**	1.39 (1.11, 1.75)**	0.76 (0.48, 1.22)	0.73 (0.35, 1.50)	0.97 (0.60, 1.58)
Some college	2.30 (1.84, 2.88)**	0.94 (0.76, 1.16)	1.10 (0.70, 1.73)	1.54 (0.80, 3.00)	1.63 (1.00, 2.64) †
Employment status e
Unemployed	1.25 (0.87, 1.79)	1.45 (0.90, 2.33)	0.74 (0.33, 1.66)	1.39 (0.64, 2.99)	0.39 (0.16, 0.92)*
Not in workforce	0.94 (0.78, 1.14)	1.58 (1.28, 1.94)**	0.75 (0.46, 1.21)	0.77 (0.44, 1.34)	1.32 (0.89, 1.96)
Income f
< $10,000	1.22 (0.83, 1.80)	1.61 (1.11, 2.33)*	0.77 (0.36, 1.63)	3.68 (0.93, 14.64) †	0.71 (0.28, 1.79)
$10,001–20,000	1.33 (0.91, 1.94)	1.58 (1.12, 2.23)*	1.01 (0.49, 2.08)	3.60 (0.87, 14.89) †	0.75 (0.31, 1.82)
$20,001–40,000	1.53 (1.09, 2.15)*	1.65 (1.23, 2.22)**	0.55 (0.28, 1.06) †	2.92 (0.76, 11.15)	0.73 (0.32, 1.66)
$40,001–60,000	1.14 (0.80, 1.63)	1.56 (1.13, 2.14)*	0.84 (0.45, 1.59)	1.97 (0.40, 9.62)	1.28 (0.55, 2.94)
$60,001–80,000	0.76 (0.51, 1.15)	1.40 (1.00, 1.95) †	0.76 (0.34, 1.67)	2.76 (0.70, 10.94)	0.74 (0.30, 1.83)
Missing income	0.93 (0.64, 1.36)	1.88 (1.32, 2.67)**	0.55 (0.24, 1.28)	1.34 (0.32, 5.70)	0.50 (0.21, 1.21)
Sense of coherence	0.83 (0.74, 0.93)**	0.99 (0.87, 1.13)	0.82 (0.63, 1.06)	0.77 (0.56, 1.06) †	0.69 (0.54, 0.88)**
Depression	1.14 (1.02, 1.27)*	1.05 (0.95, 1.17)	1.06 (0.84, 1.33)	1.21 (0.89, 1.64)	1.24 (0.94, 1.63)
Family history of alcohol problems	1.63 (1.39, 1.91)**	0.77 (0.65, 0.91)**	1.27 (0.88, 1.82)	1.47 (0.83, 2.59)	1.13 (0.79, 1.60)
Heavy drinking in teens	2.20 (1.81, 2.66)**	0.23 (0.19, 0.28)**	3.57 (2.50, 5.11)**	3.67 (2.34, 5.77)**	1.33 (0.85, 2.09)
Urban neighborhood	0.95 (0.81, 1.13)	0.88 (0.73, 1.06)	1.05 (0.70, 1.56)	1.07 (0.64, 1.77)	1.01 (0.69, 1.48)
Neighborhood SES g
Disadvantaged	1.26 (1.04, 1.52)*	1.01 (0.81, 1.25)	0.75 (0.47, 1.17)	0.69 (0.44, 1.08)	1.42 (0.95, 2.11) †
Affluent	0.83 (0.66, 1.05)	0.87 (0.70, 1.07)	0.87 (0.54, 1.41)	0.37 (0.16, 0.85)*	0.69 (0.39, 1.21)
Obs (Wtd. N)	7,139 (6,900)	7,112 (6,883)	7,112 (6,878)	7,137 (6,904)	7,171 (6,927)

OR, odds ratio. CI, confidence interval. Obs, number of observations. Wtd. N, weighted sample size.

^aModels also controlled for survey year, precision of geocode and region of country.

^b60 and older is reference.

^cWhite is reference.

^dCollege graduate is reference.

^eEmployed is reference.

^fOver $80,000 is reference.

^gMiddle-class neighborhood is reference.

^†p<.10

^*p<.05.

^**p<.01