Table 1.

Effects of environmental factors on red deer, roe deer, and wild boar abundance indices in Poland: results of generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). The models include a spherical spatial correlation function for the residuals with parameters: range (the distance at which residuals are no longer autocorrelated, in decimal degrees, and in kilometers) and the nugget (correlation at distance zero). Environmental factors: forest cover, January temperature, arable land, deciduous and mixed forest, marsh, and water

Model	Linear terms				Nonlinear terms			R adj 2	Range	Nugget
Parameter	Coefficient	SE	t	P	edf	F	P
Red deer
Intercept	−0.41	0.28	−1.49	0.137				0.50	1.49° (165 km)	0.16
Forest cover					4.51	105.44	<0.001
January temperature	0.27	0.06	4.68	<0.001
Arable land	−0.51	0.18	−2.78	0.006
Roe deer
Intercept	0.98	0.13	7.56	<0.001				0.39	1.60° (178 km)	0.59
January temperature	0.29	0.03	9.27	<0.001
Forest cover					3.33	25.97	<0.001
Deciduous and mixed forest	0.50	0.09	5.70	<0.001
Arable land	0.34	0.11	3.42	<0.001
Wild boar
Intercept	−1.20	0.07	−16.25	<0.001				0.47	0.04° (4 km)	0.09
January temperature					4.59	53.11	<0.001
Forest cover					3.14	25.67	<0.001
Marsh	0.35	0.09	4.05	<0.001
Deciduous and mixed forest	0.57	0.15	3.82	<0.001
Water	0.16	0.04	3.55	<0.001
Arable land					2.24	6.62	<0.001

edf estimated degrees of freedom