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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 30.
Published in final edited form as: Neurologist. 2012 Sep;18(5):255–260. doi: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e3182675511

Table 1.

Imaging characteristics of VAD.*

Vessel Appearance # of studies
reporting on the
finding
Total # of
subjects (N)
Pooled proportion Pooled SE
Arterial stenosis 24 716 0.51 0.60
String and pearls 8 126 0.48 0.38
Dilation of artery 6 93 0.37 0.31
Arterial occlusion 22 679 0.36 0.54
Aneurysm/
pseudoaneurysm
19 569 0.22 0.46
Double lumen 11 232 0.22 0.35
Intimal flap 8 144 0.21 0.31
Any “direct” finding
(double lumen OR
intimal flap)
17 338 0.21 0.41
*

Clinically-defined cases with radiographic confirmation. Reported rates are pooled across studies reporting on presence/ absence of a given characteristic.

One study describing 22 VAD patients reported the frequency of these findings but did not report the overlap between double lumen and intimal flap (i.e., whether individual patients had only one or both findings). For this study, we conservatively estimated the frequency as the higher percentage of the two (e.g., double lumen in 59% and intimal flap in 86%;13 we counted 86% as having “any” direct finding).