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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 5.
Published in final edited form as: Thromb Haemost. 2013 Feb 7;109(3):407–415. doi: 10.1160/TH12-09-0678

Figure 3. Signal transduction pathways that increase paracellular permeability.

Figure 3

VEGF activation of VEGFR2 initiates several downstream signalling cascades leading to adherens protein internalisation, calcium release, and stress fiber formation. Thrombin and histamine, via G-protein coupled receptors, results in RhoA activation, calcium release and the development of stress fibers. Ang-2 inhibits the barrier stabilising effect of Ang-1 thus making the barrier vulnerable to permeability enhancing agents. LPS and TNF-α signalling result in NF-κB nuclear translocation where increased ICAM-1 expression leads to RhoA activation and NO-mediated nitrosylation of junctional proteins. Bradykinin promotes eNOS signalling.