. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Sep 30.

Published in final edited form as: J Fam Commun. 2013 Jun 24;13(3):178–195. doi: 10.1080/15267431.2013.796947

Table 3. Estimated Standardized Growth Parameters for the Final Fitted Model for Discipline and Interparental Conflict.

	Interparental conflict (logged)	Nonharsh discipline	Harsh verbal discipline (logged)	Physical discipline (logged)
Mean level at 1^st grade (intercept)	1.373^***	1.810^***	0.789^***	0.567^***
Increases to mean level
African American^a	−0.090	−0.153^**	−0.101^*	0.051
SES	−0.068	0.046	0.078	−0.208^***
Externalizing (age 5)	−0.054	0.271^***	0.151^**	0.250^***
Divorce status^b	0.246^***	0.129	0.143^*	0.109
Mean change per year (slope)	−0.167^*	−0.073	0.002	−0.068^*
Increases to rate of true change
African American^a	−0.072	−0.144	−0.023	−0.107
SES	0.216	−0.036	−0.115^*	0.062
Externalizing (age 5)	0.272^*	0.151	0.119	−0.034
Divorce status^b	0.194	−0.044	−0.272^*	−0.134
Correlation - Intercept and Slope	−.472^*	−.143	−0.200	−0.242

p < 0.05.

^**

p < 0.01.

^***

p < 0.001.

Race is coded 0 = European American, 1 = African American and other.

Divorce/separation status is coded 0 = not during grades 1 through 3, 1 = divorce some time during grades 1 through 3. N = 478.