Table 3.
Prevalence of hepatitis C antibody (HCV+) among homeless adult clients of eight HCH clinics by background characteristics and potential risk behaviors, stratified by history of injection drug use (N=387).
| Background Characteristics |
Categories | Injection Drug Use in Lifetime (Reported) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Injection Drug Use (n=110) | No Injection Drug Use (n=277) | ||||||
| % (n) | HCV+ | OR (95% CI) | % (n) | HCV+ | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Biological Sex | Male Female |
72.7% (80) 27.3% (30) |
75.0%† 56.7% |
0.4 (0.2-1.1) | 72.9% (202) 27.1% (75) |
18.3%* 8.0% |
0.4 (0.2-0.96) |
| Race/ethnicity | White, non- Hispanic Non-White |
61.8% (68) 38.2% (42) |
64.7% 78.6% |
0.5 (0.2-1.2) | 36.8% (102) 63.2%(175) |
14.7% 16.0% |
0.9 (.5-1.8) |
| Race/ethnicity | White/ Non - Hispanic Black/ African American Latino/Hispanic Asian/ Pacific Islander Native American Mixed Race |
… 20% (22) 10.9% (12) 0 2.7% (3) 4.6% (5) |
… 72.7% 91.7%† 0 100% 60% |
… 1.4(0.5-4.2) 6.0(0.7-49.3) … 3.9(0.2-77.7) 0.8(0.1-5.2) |
… 46.2%(128) 9.0%(25) 0.4%(1) 3.3%(9) 4.3%(12) |
… 14.0% 16% 0 44.4%* 16.7% |
… 0.9(0.4-2.0) 1.1(0.3-3.7) 1.9(0.1-48.3) 4.6(1.1-19.2) 1.2(0.2-5.8) |
| Age | <45 ≥45 |
47% (52) 53% (58) |
57.7 81.0** |
3.1 (1.3-7.4) | 55.2% (153) 44.8% (124) |
13.1% 18.6% |
1.5 (0.8-2.9) |
| Age | 18-29 30-44 45-59 ≥60 |
9.1% (10) 38.2% (42) 51.8% (57) 0.9% (1) |
40.0* 61.9 80.7* 100.0 |
0.2 (0.1-0.9) 0.5 (0.2-1.2) 3.0 (1.3-6.9) 1.3 (0.1-33.1) |
11.2%(31) 44.0%(122) 40.1%(111) 4.7%(13) |
6.5% 14.8% 18.9% 15.4% |
0.3(0.1-1.5) 0.9(0.5-1.7) 1.5(0.8-2.9) 1.0(0.2-4.6) |
| Education completed |
< 12 years ≥12 years |
26.4% (29) 73.6% (81) |
69.0 70.4 |
1.1 (0.4-2.7) | 34% (93) 66% (184) |
10% 18.5%† |
2.1 (0.97-4.6) |
| Sexual Preference |
Heterosexual Gay/Bisexual |
90.0% (99) 10.0% (11) |
69.7% 72.7% |
0.9 (0.2-3.5) | 95.7% (265) 4.3% (12) |
16.2% 0.0% |
4.9 (0.2-84.1) |
| Total time homeless as adult |
< 1 year ≥ 1 year |
22.7% (25) 77.3% (85) |
60.0 72.9 |
1.8 (0.7-4.6) | 36.8%(102) 63.2%(175) |
16.7% 14.9% |
0.9(0.4-1.7) |
| Prison, ever | Yes No |
57.8% (63) 42.2% (46) |
82.5*** 52.2 |
4.3 (1.8-10.3) | 30% (83) 70% (193) |
26.5%** 11% |
2.95 (1.5-5.7) |
| Hazardous Drinker |
Yes No |
36.4% (40) 63.6% (70) |
75.0% 67.1% |
1.5 (0.6-3.5) | 27.5% (76) 72.5% (200) |
19.7% 14.0% |
1.5 (0.8-3.0) |
| Drug Use | |||||||
| Illicit Drug Use, ever |
Yes No |
100.0%(110) 0.0% |
68% (187) 32% (87) |
16% 15% |
1.1 (0.5-2.2) | ||
| Injection Drug Use, ever |
Yes No |
100.0% (110) 0.0% |
None | ||||
| Injection Drug Use (duration) |
<1 year 1 < 3 years ≥ 3 years |
10.0% (11) 36.4% (40) 53.6% (59) |
45.5% 60.0% 81.4%* |
…… 1.8 (0.5-6.9) 5.2 (1.3-20.3) |
None | ||
| Cocaine, crack ever |
Yes No |
98.2% (108) 1.8% (2) |
71.3% 0.0% |
12.3 (0.5-263.5) | 63.2%(175) 36.8%(102) |
16.0% 14.7% |
1.1(0.6-2.2) |
| Injected cocaine, crack ever |
Yes No |
74.6% (82) 25.4% (28) |
78.1%** 46.4% |
4.1 (1.7-10.2) | None | ||
| Intranasal cocaine ever |
Yes No |
86.4%(95) 13.6% (15) |
68.4% 80.0% |
0.5 (0.1-2.1) | 42.2%(117) 57.8%(160) |
15.4% 15.6% |
1.0(0.5-1.9) |
| Heroin ever | Yes No |
75.5% (83) 24.5% (27) |
75.9%* 51.9% |
2.9 (1.2-7.2) | 9.5% (26) 90.5% (247) |
7.7% 16.6% |
0.4 (0.1-1.8) |
| Injected heroin ever |
Yes No |
69% (76) 31% (34) |
76%* 56% |
2.5 (1.1-6.0) | None | ||
| Speed ever | Yes No |
74% (81) 26% (29) |
70% 69% |
1.1 (0.4-2.7) | 34% (94) 66% (180) |
18% 14% |
1.3 (0.7-2.6) |
| Injected speed ever |
Yes No |
48% (53) 52% (57) |
70% 70% |
0.98 (0.4-2.2) | None | ||
|
Potential
behavioral risk factors |
|||||||
| Tattoo ever | Yes No |
55% (61) 45% (49) |
70% 69% |
1.1 (0.5-2.4) | 31.1%(86) 68.9%(191) |
29.1%*** 9.4% |
3.9 (2.0-7.7) |
| > 15 sex partners lifetime |
Yes No |
63.6% (70) 36.4% (40) |
75.7%† 60.0% |
2.1 (0.9-4.8) | 41.2% (114) 58.8% (163) |
16.7% 14.7% |
1.2 (0.6-2.2) |
| Been paid for sex, ever |
Yes No |
31.8 (35) 68.2% (75) |
71.4% 69.3% |
1.1 (0.5-2.7) | 16.9% (46) 83.1% (227) |
10.9% 16.7%* |
0.2 (0.02-1.1) |
| Been given drugs for sex, ever |
Yes No |
32.7% (36) 67.3% (74) |
77.8% 66.2% |
1.8(0.7-4.5) | 12.1% (33) 87.9% (240) |
3.0%! 17.5% |
0.1 (0.02-1.1) |
†
p-value ≤ 0.10;
*
p-value ≤ 0.05;
**
p-value ≤ 0.01;
***
p-value ≤ 0.001
Note: OR= Odds ratio; CI= 95% Confidence interval