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. 2013 Oct;103(Suppl 1):S14–S18. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301127

FIGURE 2—

FIGURE 2—

Effect modification of the relationship between an environment (genetic factors) and an outcome and associated confounders by a locus of interest.

Note. Third variables can predict all three factors, as can occur in selected study samples, and can challenge population-level inference regarding the role of genes as effect modifiers of relationships of interest.