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Protein levels of: (A) interleukin (IL)-6, (B) IL-8 and (C) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in each patient with periodontitis. (D) Mean levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α in the gingival tissues of 19 patients. Protein levels were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and three triplicate experiments were independently performed. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.
