Table 1.
Characteristics of the US and English Samples, Age 65+, 2002
| Variable |
US
(N=8,295) |
England
(N=5,208) |
P-value * |
| Age | F(2.00, 3078.28)=5.39; 0.005 | ||
| 65 –74 | 50.7 | 54.2 | |
| 75 –84 | 38.1 | 35.8 | |
| ≥ 85 | 11.2 | 10.0 | |
| Gender | F(1.00, 1709.00) =14.26; <0.001 | ||
| Male | 40.2 | 42.9 | |
| Female | 58.8 | 57.1 | |
| Education** | F(1.79, 3053.92)=51.49; <0.001 | ||
| Low | 61.2 | 70.7 | |
| Middle | 18.9 | 10.8 | |
| High | 19.8 | 18.6 | |
| Net worth (2002 US Dollars) | F(1.88, 3213.60)=4.33; 0.02 | ||
| ≤ $83,000 | 29.5 | 33.4 | |
| $83,001 – $318,000 | 34.6 | 33.2 | |
| > $318,000 | 35.9 | 33.4 | |
| Chronic Conditions | F(1.00, 1709.00) | ||
| Stroke | 8.2 | 6.8 | 7.58; 0.006 |
| Diabetes | 16.4 | 9.0 | 141.32; <0.001 |
| Heart disease | 56.6 | 44.8 | 163.57; <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 31.0 | 18.6 | 7.64; 0.006 |
| Lung disease | 11.3 | 8.1 | 32.47; <0.001 |
| Cancer | 17.6 | 7.8 | 238.78; <0.001 |
| # of ADLs† impaired | F(1.99, 3400.54) = 17.79; | ||
| 0 | 77.1 | 72.2 | <0.001 |
| 1 - 3 | 19.5 | 24.2 | |
| 4 –6 | 3.4 | 3.6 | |
| # of IADLs‡ impaired | F(1.95, 3336.81) = 13.23; | ||
| 0 | 85.5 | 83.0 | <0.001 |
| 1 - 3 | 12.8 | 16.0 | |
| 4 –5 | 1.3 | 1.0 | |
| Cognitive Function (0 – 24) | F(1.96, 3355.33) = 125.13; | ||
| Tertile | <0.001 | ||
| Low (0 –11) | 34.8 | 47.0 | |
| Medium (12 – 14) | 31.4 | 31.4 | |
| High (15 –24) | 33.7 | 21.6 | |
| Alcohol intake (days / week) | F(2.92, | ||
| 0 | 54.3 | 15.5 | 4993.49)=358.40;<0.001 |
| < 1 | 15.1 | 33.5 | |
| >1 to 2 | 13.6 | 24.4 | |
| >2 | 17.0 | 26.6 | |
| Smoking Status | F(1.91, 3261.37)=32.09; | ||
| Never | 42.8 | 35.2 | <0.001 |
| Former | 47.7 | 52.4 | |
| Current | 9.5 | 12.4 | |
| Depressive Symptoms | F(1.00, 1709.00) | ||
| Depressed | 16.1 | 19.4 | 17.71; <0.001 |
| Everything is an effort | 23.6 | 27.1 | 14.51; <0.001 |
| Restless sleep | 26.8 | 40.9 | 209.65; <0.001 |
| Was happy | 88.4 | 89.7 | 4.16; 0.04 |
| Felt lonely | 19.0 | 17.4 | 3.70; 0.05 |
| Enjoyed life | 93.0 | 90.0 | 31.59; <0.001 |
| Felt sad | 20.6 | 22.1 | 3.13; 0.08 |
| No motivation | 24.3 | 25.0 | 0.69; 0.4 |
| Depressive Symptoms | F(1.98, 3380.27)=20.92; | ||
| 0 | 43.2 | 36.5 | <0.001 |
| 1 –3 | 41.9 | 45.9 | |
| 4 – 8 | 14.9 | 17.6 |
Values are weighted percentages or means derived using the HRS and ELSA respondent population weights to adjust for the complex sampling design of each survey. This table uses Pearson chi-square statistics, which are corrected for the survey design, and converted to F statistics, including degrees of freedom.
P-value of chi-square or t-test for a significant difference in proportion or mean between countries.
ADLs indicates Activities of Daily Living (eating, transferring, toileting, dressing, bathing, and walking across a room).
IADLs indicates Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (preparing meals, grocery shopping, making phone calls, taking medications, managing money).
Education categories—US: Low- ≤ 12 years of school; Mid- 13 to 15 years; High- ≥ 16 years. England: Low- lower than “O-level” (typically 0 to 11 years of school); Mid- “O-level” to lower than “A-level” (typically 12 to 13 years); High- “A-level” or higher (typically > 13 years). Categories based on Banks et al 2006.(4)