Table 4. Changes in secondary and exploratory outcomes at eight weeks and 12 months – unadjusted values and baseline-adjusted results.

Outcome	Mean change		Mean (95% CI) difference between groups		Linear regression
	Control (n = 38)	Active (n = 38)	Unadjusted	Adjusted
At 8 weeks
SSS physical function *	−0.11	−0.08	0.03 (−0.18, 0.23)	0.01 (−0.19, 0.22)	t = 0.15, p = 0.882
N shuttles completed **	−0.12	3.31	3.44 (−4.20, 11.07)	1.27 (−6.76, 9.31)	t = 0.32, p = 0.751
N shuttles completed #(excluding 2 outliers)	−1.34	4.43	5.77 (−1.32, 12.86)	4.14 (−3.63, 11.91)	t = 1.08, p = 0.287
Oswestry	−1.00	−0.14	0.86 (−3.07, 4.79)	0.56 (−3.35, 4.47)	t = 0.29, p = 0.776
General Well-Being Index	0.16	−0.08	−0.24 (−6.42, 5.94)	0.38 (−5.32, 6.08)	t = 0.13, p = 0.893
Back pain VAS	−11.44	−1.91	9.52 (−5.37, 24.42)	5.12 (−7.94, 18.19)	t = 0.78, p = 0.436
Leg pain VAS	−9.58	−4.85	4.73 (−9.90, 19.36)	3.58 (−10.42, 17.58)	t = 0.51, p = 0.609
At 12 months
SSS symptom severity	−0.43	−0.08	0.35 (−0.06, 0.75)	0.31 (−0.07, 0.71)	t = 1.67, p = 0.102
SSS physical function *	−0.20	−0.07	0.13 (−0.21, 0.46)	0.11 (−0.22, 0.44)	t = 0.69, p = 0.491
Oswestry	−3.77	−1.27	2.50 (−5.35, 10.36)	2.19 (−5.56, 9.95)	t = 0.57, p = 0.572
General Well-Being Index	1.88	−1.09	−2.97 (−12.53, 6.58)	−2.26 (−11.35, 6.84)	t = –0.51, p = 0.614
Back pain VAS	−12.40	−0.88	11.52 (−7.39, 30.43)	7.27 (−10.28, 24.82)	t = 0.84, p = 0.407
Leg pain VAS	−18.63	−3.79	14.84 (−7.96, 37.63)	12.83 (−8.42, 34.08)	t = 1.24, p = 0.226

Values are mean (95% CI) unless otherwise stated.

^* Residuals show slight deviations from normal.

^** Residuals not normally distributed.

^# Residuals normally distributed.