Table IV.

Model Validation in Population Pharmacokinetic Studies of Cyclosporine

References	Validation methods	VLD sub	Mdl/Vld	MPE (ng/ml)	MAPE (ng/ml)	RMSE (ng/ml)
(19)	EV (DS)	16 (176)	2.6/2.6	1.63 (2.93%)		23.5
(22)	EV (DS)	25 (∼143)	1/1	−40		100
(23)	EV (DS)	33 (883)	1.1/0.9	21.3 (8.5%a)		92.5
(27)	BS200
(29)	EV (DS)	10 (100)	4.9/3.5	2.8%b
(36)	IDS	21
(38)	EV (DS), IDS	21 (397)	4.7/5.4	EV −2.26		EV 101.1
(40)	EV	9 (580)	1.2/0.5
(41)	BS200
(42)	IDS			3.5 ± 1.5%c	18 ± 1%c
(43)	IDS
(45)	BS100
(47)	EV, IDS	12 (239)	4.1/3.8	EV 17.6 ± 10%, IDS 27.2 ± 25%c	IDS 227
(48)	BS1000			5%	23.90%
(49)	BS600
(51)	BS2000
(52)	BS1000
(53)	NPDE1000, EV				10	37.7%
(54)	BS1000

The symbol ∼ denotes “about”

EV external validation, DS data splitting, BS bootstrapping, NPDE normalized prediction distribution error (the number denotes how many times the resampling was repeated), IDS internal data splitting, VLD sub model validation subpopulation presented as number of patients (total number of samples collected), Mdl/Vld the size ratio of model building dataset over model validation dataset, presented as ratio (number of patient) / ratio (number of samples), MPE mean prediction error presented with or without standard deviation, MAPE mean absolute prediction error, RMSE root-mean-square prediction error

^aRelative to average observed value

^bAUC was predicted

^cRelative to the actual observed value