Fig. 3.

Sulforaphane and I3C/DIM suppress prostate cancer through epigenetic modulation. Sulforaphane (SFN) decreases cellular DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, leading to altered chromatin structure and gene expression (blue arrow). Sulforaphane also directly inhibits cytoplasmic HDAC6, which controls the acetylation of many nonhistone proteins, leading to a decrease in AR signaling, altered cytoskeletal dynamics, disrupted protein turnover, and, ultimately, increased cell stress. I3C/DIM also decreases cellular HDAC activity, leading to changes in gene expression (blue arrow). The expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) are also disrupted and lead to changes in protein levels of chromatin-associated protein EZH2 and nuclear receptor AR through post-transcriptional regulation