Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Neurosci. 2012 Dec 19;36(1):23–31. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.11.003

Figure I.

Figure I

Extinguishing and non-extinguishing populations, and effects of stress or chronic alcohol in extinguishing populations. (a) A similarly conditioned fear response to a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., tone) repeatedly paired with an inherently aversive stimulus (e.g., electric shock) can be extinguished by repeated presentation of the stimulus in the absence of an aversive outcome in some populations of humans and rodents, but not others. (b) Even in populations that normally extinguish, impairments in either extinction learning and/or retention can be produced by stress or chronic alcohol exposure.