Table 4.
Effect of characteristics on risk of miscarriage (first-step estimates): 1970–2000
| All Miscarriages | Early Miscarriages | Middle Miscarriages | Late Miscarriages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged 13–25 | ||||
| White | 0.177 (0.143) | 0.145 (0.213) | 0.113 (0.256) | 0.311 (0.247) |
| African American | −0.144 (0.150) | −0.184 (0.228) | −0.307 (0.263) | 0.123 (0.251) |
| Hispanic | −0.063 (0.153) | −0.316 (0.231) | −0.100 (0.277) | 0.303 (0.266) |
| Protestant | 0.027 (0.073) | 0.058 (0.150) | 0.024 (0.122) | −0.008 (0.138) |
| Catholic | 0.070 (0.086) | 0.340* (0.168) | −0.168 (0.143) | 0.010 (0.149) |
| Education | 0.052*** (0.010) | 0.051** (0.018) | 0.052** (0.018) | 0.056** (0.019) |
| Mother high school graduate | 0.053 (0.054) | 0.027 (0.100) | 0.042 (0.094) | 0.093 (0.099) |
| Mother some college | 0.095 (0.075) | 0.144 (0.126) | 0.144 (0.134) | −0.055 (0.140) |
| Mother college graduate | 0.103 (0.120) | 0.081 (0.269) | 0.068 (0.170) | 0.171 (0.166) |
| Age at conception | −0.310* (0.121) | −0.260 (0.200) | −0.340 (0.209) | −0.302 (0.216) |
| Age at conception, squared | 0.007* (0.003) | 0.005 (0.005) | 0.008 (0.005) | 0.007 (0.005) |
| Conception before 15 | −0.283 (0.206) | −0.139 (0.365) | −0.339 (0.339) | −0.408 (0.341) |
| Prior miscarriage | 0.735*** (0.066) | 0.791*** (0.121) | 0.748*** (0.093) | 0.649*** (0.104) |
| Right time of pregnancy | −0.273*** (0.056) | −0.214* (0.120) | −0.323*** (0.084) | −0.281*** (0.085) |
| χ2 | 303.00 | 189.44 | 177.20 | 101.84 |
| N | 24,541 | 24,541 | 22,083 | 19,583 |
| Aged 13–35 | ||||
| White | 0.199† (0.108) | 0.180 (0.173) | 0.163 (0.171) | 0.273 (0.190) |
| African American | −0.023 (0.115) | −0.092 (0.187) | −0.148 (0.181) | 0.218 (0.197) |
| Hispanic | 0.018 (0.117) | −0.124 (0.191) | −0.050 (0.190) | 0.276 (0.205) |
| Protestant | −0.022 (0.058) | −0.127 (0.110) | 0.058 (0.098) | 0.009 (0.119) |
| Catholic | −0.012 (0.066) | 0.054 (0.126) | −0.047 (0.109) | −0.053 (0.124) |
| Education | 0.017* (0.008) | 0.014 (0.015) | 0.032* (0.013) | 0.002 (0.015) |
| Mother high school graduate | 0.066 (0.046) | 0.072 (0.087) | 0.052 (0.078) | 0.074 (0.080) |
| Mother some college | 0.078 (0.061) | 0.199 (0.107) | 0.01 (0.103) | 0.012 (0.111) |
| Mother college graduate | 0.134 (0.083) | 0.227 (0.170) | 0.04 (0.128) | 0.136 (0.131) |
| Ever had a miscarriage | 0.589*** (0.051) | 0.625*** (0.096) | 0.573*** (0.077) | 0.581*** (0.077) |
| Right time of pregnancy | −0.313*** (0.044) | −0.382*** (0.092) | −0.305*** (0.065) | −0.239*** (0.064) |
| χ2 | 381.86 | 215.37 | 233.93 | 178.10 |
| N | 38,119 | 38,119 | 34,482 | 30,852 |
Notes: Standard errors clustered by respondent are reported in parentheses. Early miscarriages: within the first 7 weeks; middle miscarriages: between weeks 7 and 12; late miscarriages: after week 12 of gestation. The sample aged 13–35 includes age at pregnancy dummy variables (not reported).
Source: Authors calculations from National Survey of Family Growth data.
†
p <.10;
*
p <.05;
**
p <.01;
***
p <.001