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. 2013 Sep;3(9):130088. doi: 10.1098/rsob.130088

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© 2013 The Authors. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 12. — Receptor–ligand-based Turing model for kidney branching morphogenesis. The reported regulatory interactions shown in figure 4d can result in self-emerging patterns of the GDNF-bound RET complex in the epithelium (grey scale: white, highest; black, lowest), and Gdnf expression in the mesenchyme (colour scale: red, highest; blue, lowest), when solved on a three-dimensional idealized bud-shaped domain. The different patterns can, in principle, (a) support elongation, or support the formation of (b) bifurcations, (c) trifurcations or (d) lateral branching. (a–d) Adapted from Menshykau & Iber [72].