Table 1. Intake Variables Associated With First-Onset Substance Use Disorders (SUD).
| No SUD (n=113) | Developed SUD (n=54) | Statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| X2 | p-value | |||
| Demographics/Illness Characteristics | ||||
| Age, m±SD | 15.5 ± 1.5 | 15.3 ± 1.3 | 0.00 | 0.97 |
| Socioeconomic status, m±SD | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 1.52 | 0.22 |
| Race (White), % | 76.1 | 87.0 | 0.92 | 0.34 |
| Sex (Male), % | 41.6 | 50.0 | 0.28 | 0.60 |
| Bipolar Subtype, % | 0.79 | 0.67 | ||
| BP-I | 67.3 | 61.1 | ||
| BP-II | 11.5 | 13.0 | ||
| BP-NOS | 21.2 | 25.9 | ||
| Living with both natural parents, % | 53.1 | 44.4 | 0.87 | 0.35 |
| Adolescent-onset (vs. Child-onset) BP, % | 53.1 | 38.9 | 1.57 | 0.21 |
| Adolescent-onset (vs. Child-onset) Mania/hypomania, % | 67.0 | 57.4 | 0.31 | 0.58 |
| Clinical Variables | ||||
| Psychiatric Hospitalization, % | 62.8 | 66.7 | 0.00 | 0.98 |
| Suicidality, % | ||||
| Self-Injurious behavior | 32.4 | 40.7 | 0.98 | 0.32 |
| Suicidal Ideation | 76.1 | 79.6 | 0.05 | 0.83 |
| Suicide Attempt | 32.7 | 37.0 | 0.01 | 0.92 |
| Mixed State, % | 28.3 | 29.6 | 0.12 | 0.73 |
| Psychosis, % | 23.9 | 22.2 | 0.08 | 0.78 |
| Physical/Sexual Abuse, % | 15.9 | 27.8 | 3.28 | 0.07 |
| Substance use, % | ||||
| Cigarettes | 23.9 | 45.1 | 8.54 | 0.004 |
| Alcohol | 4.8 | 16.3 | 12.76 | <0.001 |
| Cannabis | 25.0 | 44.2 | 10.09 | 0.002 |
| C-GAS1 (m±SD) | ||||
| Most Severe Lifetime | 36.3 ± 9.9 | 35.2 ± 11.8 | 0.12 | 0.73 |
| Current | 52.0 ± 13.3 | 58.1 ± 11.6 | 3.95 | 0.047 |
| Depression Symptoms, m±SD | ||||
| Most Severe Lifetime | 26.2 ± 12.7 | 27.1 ± 9.1 | 0.09 | 0.77 |
| Current | 16.9 ± 12.3 | 15.8 ± 11.1 | 0.42 | 0.51 |
| Mania/hypomania Symptoms, m±SD | ||||
| Most Severe Lifetime | 36.9 ± 8.7 | 36.1 ± 6.9 | 0.010 | 0.75 |
| Current | 22.3 ± 13.6 | 22.7 ± 12.2 | 0.06 | 0.81 |
| Comorbid Diagnoses, % | ||||
| ADHD2 | 45.1 | 53.7 | 0.64 | 0.42 |
| CD/ODD3 | 31.0 | 61.1 | 10.37 | 0.001 |
| ODD | 26.0 | 51.9 | 13.89 | 0.0002 |
| CD | 12.3 | 14.8 | 0.19 | 0.66 |
| Any Anxiety | 43.4 | 38.9 | 0.72 | 0.40 |
| Panic Disorder | 8.9 | 16.7 | 2.69 | 0.10 |
| Family Adaptability and Cohesion, m±SD | ||||
| Cohesion, Adolescent | 55.8 ± 13.4 | 50.0 ± 11.6 | 7.99 | 0.005 |
| Cohesion, Parent | 57.4 ± 12.1 | 55.7 ± 9.9 | 1.77 | 0.18 |
| Adaptability, Adolescent | 45.0 ± 9.8 | 41.9 ± 10.0 | 2.90 | 0.09 |
| Adaptability, Parent | 45.7 ± 8.0 | 45.3 ± 7.5 | 0.32 | 0.57 |
| Conflict Behavior Questionnaire, m±SD | ||||
| Adolescent | 8.9 ± 6.0 | 8.0 ± 5.5 | 0.48 | 0.49 |
| Parent | 10.6 ± 6.7 | 11.4 ± 5.5 | 1.56 | 0.21 |
| Life Events Checklist. m±SD | ||||
| Negative, Adolescent | 4.7 ± 4.3 | 6.7 ± 5.1 | 6.50 | 0.01 |
| Positive, Adolescent | 2.9 ± 4.1 | 4.3 ± 3.3 | 2.82 | 0.09 |
| Negative, Parent | 4.8 ± 4.5 | 5.7 ± 3.4 | 1.63 | 0.20 |
| Positive, Parent | 2.7 ± 4.2 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | 0.21 | 0.65 |
| Lifetime Medication, % | ||||
| Any Psychotropic | 97.4 | 94.4 | 1.62 | 0.20 |
| Antimanic Anticonvulsant | 88.5 | 87.0 | 0.59 | 0.44 |
| Antidepressant | 62.0 | 59.3 | 0.54 | 0.46 |
| Stimulant | 37.2 | 48.2 | 0.54 | 0.46 |
| Current Medication, % | ||||
| Any psychotropic | 89.4 | 85.2 | 2.78 | 0.10 |
| Antimanic | 77.9 | 68.5 | 4.85 | 0.03 |
| Antidepressant | 36.3 | 20.4 | 4.57 | 0.03 |
| Stimulant | 15.0 | 18.5 | 0.001 | 0.97 |
| Family Psychiatric History (1st or 2nd degree), % | ||||
| Depression | 74.3 | 88.9 | 2.83 | 0.09 |
| Mania/Hypomania | 38.9 | 57.4 | 4.11 | 0.04 |
| ADHD | 28.3 | 37.0 | 2.00 | 0.16 |
| CD | 25.7 | 38.9 | 3.12 | 0.08 |
| Anxiety | 50.4 | 70.4 | 5.43 | 0.02 |
| SUD | 58.4 | 79.6 | 9.12 | 0.003 |
| Suicide Attempt | 30.1 | 37.0 | 0.34 | 0.56 |
| Comorbid Mania/Hypomania and SUD | 26.6 | 40.7 | 4.72 | 0.03 |
Note: ADHD=attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; BP=bipolar disorder; BP-I=type one bipolar disorder; BP-II=type two bipolar disorder; BP-NOS=bipolar disorder not otherwise specified; CD=conduct disorder; C-GAS = Children's Global Assessment Scale; ODD=oppositional defiant disorder.