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Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos. Five replicates were performed (n = 50~55 embryos in each group). The SCNT and IVF embryos were analyzed on the same day, enabling direct comparisons between SCNT and IVF groups. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (bars). *Significantly different from IVF within each treatment (p < 0.05).
