Figure 1.

Regions used for needle-prick stimulation in 4 cows to evaluate analgesia in response to an intercoccygeal epidural injection of saline or bupivacaine [0.0625% (low dose) or 0.125% (high dose)] (0.15 mL/kg in all treatments). Modified from Budras and Habel (21). 1 — anus; 2 — vulva; 3 — perineum; 4 — udder caudal; 5 — tail; 6 — pudendal nerve; 7 — tibial nerve; 8 — common peroneal nerve; 9 — saphenous nerve; 10 — lateral cutaneous femoral nerve; 11 — middle clunial nerve; 12 — cranial clunial nerve; 13 — udder middle; 14 — udder cranial; 15 — second lumbar vertebral nerve; 16 — first lumbar vertebral nerve.