Table 6. New Zealand Cross-Price Food Elasticity Values (Means and Standard Errors (SE)), 2006−2010*.
| Fruit | Vegetables | Beef, Lamb & hogget | Poultry | Pork | Prepared, preserved & processed meat | Fish & seafood | Bread & breakfast cereals | Cakes & biscuits | Pastry cook products | Pasta & other cereal products | Milk, yoghurt & eggs | Cheese & cream | Butter | Margarine & edible oil | Sauces, sugar & condiments | Chocolate, confectionary & snacks | Ice cream | Other grocery food | Non-alcoholic beverages | Carbonated soft drink | Energy drinks | Restaurant food | Ready to eat food | |
| Fruit | −0.65 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.02) | −0.07 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.02) | 0.16 (0.03) | −0.32 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.01) | −0.07 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.07 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.33 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.12 (0.03) | 0.39 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.22 (0.04) |
| Vegetables | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.91 (0.04) | −0.09 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.24 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.01) | −0.06 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.30 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.03) | −0.10 (0.03) |
| Beef, lamb & hogget | −0.18 (0.04) | −0.18 (0.04) | −0.82 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.08 (0.03) | −0.20 (0.04) | −0.18 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.03) | 0.19 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.06 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.33 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.02) | −0.23 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.01) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.06) |
| Poultry | −0.12 (0.07) | −0.14 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.08) | −1.78 (0.14) | 0.01 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.12 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.18 (0.09) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.35 (0.09) | −0.07 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.07) |
| Pork | 0.23 (0.11) | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.30 (0.13) | 0.09 (0.19) | −4.24 (0.45) | −0.02 (0.08) | −0.03 (0.13) | 0.09 (0.13) | 0.97 (0.26) ‡ | 0.37 (0.11) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.06) | 0.18 (0.16) | 0.20 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.25 (0.11) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.74 (0.28) | 0.28 (0.11) | −0.17 (0.08) | 0.24 (0.11) |
| Prepared, preserved & processed meat | −0.13 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.05) | 0.20 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.02) | −1.04 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.02) | −0.08 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.15 (0.01) | −0.12 (0.02) | −0.08 (0.01) | −0.18 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.01) | −0.24 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.14 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.18 (0.03) | −0.16 (0.04) |
| Fish & seafood | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | −1.27 (0.11) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.05) | −0.06 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.06 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.56 (0.11) | −0.05 (0.07) | −0.01 (0.07) |
| Bread & breakfast cereals | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.09 (0.02) | −0.11 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.08 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.80 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.10 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.20 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.02) | −0.12 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.26 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.15 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.03) | −0.09 (0.03) |
| Cakes & biscuits | −0.17 (0.05) | −0.24 (0.04) | −0.15 (0.06) | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.06) | −1.08 (0.11) | −0.07 (0.05) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.06 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.04) | −0.17 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.01) | −0.09 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.05) |
| Pastry cook products | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.11) | 0.32 (0.11) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.14) | −0.52 (0.15) | −0.53 (0.19) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.31 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.06) | −0.66 (0.08) | 0.33 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.03) | −0.09 (0.11) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.95 (0.19) ‡ | −1.14 (0.12) ‡ | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.09) |
| Pasta & other cereal products | −0.07 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.05) | −0.13 (0.08) | −0.08 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.04) | −1.67 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | −0.00 (0.04) | −0.11 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.06) | 0.15 (0.10) |
| Milk, yoghurt & eggs | −0.09 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.03) | 0.11 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | −0.08 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | −0.13 (0.02) | −0.14 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.90 (0.05) | −0.03 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.11) | −0.03 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.01) | −0.25 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.01) | −0.09 (0.02) | 0.16 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.04) |
| Cheese & cream | 0.13 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.04) | −0.10 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.04) | −0.12 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.98 (0.05) | 0.21 (0.03) | −0.09 (0.03) | −0.08 (0.02) | −0.19 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.02) | −0.25 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.31 (0.05) |
| Butter | 0.05 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.10) | −0.05 (0.14) | 0.19 (0.19) | 0.41 (0.25) | 0.11 (0.10) | −0.02 (0.08) | 0.23 (0.17) | 0.13 (0.27) | 0.01 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.11) | 0.23 (0.10) | −0.91 (0.39) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.25 (0.07) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.16) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.28 (0.42) | −0.04 (0.18) | −0.10 (0.10) | 0.22 (0.14) |
| Margarine & edible oil | −0.11 (0.08) | −0.00 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.05) | −0.22 (0.09) | −0.12 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.05) | −0.53 (0.09) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.02 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.02) | −0.13 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.23 (0.04) | −0.09 (0.07) | −0.05 (0.08) |
| Sauces, sugar & condiments | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.12 (0.03) | −0.08 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.03) | −0.00 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.03) | −0.09 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | −1.24 (0.02) | −0.14 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.16 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.00) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) |
| Chocolate, confectionary & snacks | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.00 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.06 (0.03) | −0.06 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.01) | −0.06 (0.01) | −1.15 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.05 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.01) | 0.21 (0.03) | 0.33 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.03) | −0.05 (0.04) |
| Ice cream | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.20 (0.06) | −0.41 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.04) | −0.23 (0.04) | 0.09 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.04) | −1.42 (0.03) | 0.36 (0.12) | 0.10 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.26 (0.03) | −0.18 (0.07) | 0.18 (0.09) |
| Other grocery food | −0.08 (0.02) | −0.06 (0.02) | −0.16 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.01) | −0.04 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | −0.22 (0.05) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.05 (0.01) | 0.12 (0.01) | −0.13 (0.04) | −0.13 (0.04) |
| Non−alcoholic beverages | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.01) | −0.08 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.08 (0.05) | −1.15 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.03) | −0.10 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.04) | −0.29 (0.04) |
| Carbonated soft drinks | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.30 (0.08) | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.12) | 0.39 (0.14) | 0.09 (0.06) | −0.07 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.13) | 0.07 (0.13) | −0.39 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.13) | −0.06 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.08) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.09) | −0.07 (0.03) | −1.27 (0.27) | −0.25 (0.11) | −0.03 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.09) |
| Energy drinks | 0.13 (0.22) | −0.11 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.30) | 0.54 (0.43) | 2.70 (0.69) | 0.36 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.13) | 0.29 (0.26) | 0.05 (0.46) | −0.45 (0.35) | −0.07 (0.10) | 0.43 (0.22) | 0.28 (0.14) | 0.31 (0.71) | 0.38 (0.19) | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.12) | 0.04 (0.07) | −0.57 (0.22) | 0.13 (0.06) | −1.04 (1.10) ‡ | −1.34 (1.10) | 0.15 (0.22) | −0.12 (0.18) |
| Restaurant food | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.16 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.02) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.06 (0.05) | −0.07 (0.02) | −0.06 (0.02) | 0.12 (0.02) | −0.64 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.05) |
| Ready to eat food | −0.22 (0.02) | −0.11 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.03) | 0.07 (0.02) | 0.19 (0.02) | −0.11 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.01) | −0.25 (0.03) | −0.19 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.09 (0.02) | 0.10 (0.02) | −0.13 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | −0.03 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.25 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.19 (0.02) | 0.32 (0.03) | −0.13 (0.03) | −0.44 (0.06) |
*
Text in bold if 95% CI excludes the null.
‡
Estimates are problematic due to high SE for –PE.