Table 2.
Differences in neuropsychological test scores and in whole brain volume percent between 40 week follow-up and baseline
| Difference between 40 weeks of intervention and baseline | Tai Chi | Walking | Social | No intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WAIS digit span (forward) | −0.28(1.03) | 0.07 (0.92) | 0.33(1.18) | 0.48(1.08) |
| WAIS digit span (backward) | 0.41(1.43) | 0.59(1.04) | 0.48(1.25) | 0.22(1.28) |
| Bell cancellation test | −0.14(0.99) | 0.48 (0.80) | 0.11(0.97) | 0.30(0.93) |
| Rey Figure (copying) | 1.03(4.03) | −0.63 (2.68)† | 0.81 (4.42) | 1.00(2.45) |
| Rey Figure (recall) | −0.31(22.81) | 4.71 (4.29) | 3.44(6.51) | 3.44(4.89) |
| Stroop Test (word) | 0.17(0.38) | 0.58(1.06) | 0.33 (0.62) | 0.48(1.31) |
| Stroop Test (color) | 1.03(2.16) | 1.15(1.92) | 0.96(1.63) | 1.26(1.96) |
| Stroop Test (color-word) | 3.07(6.41) | 1.12(3.17) | 0.96 (2.62) | 2.74(5.87) |
| Auditory Verbal Learning Test (immed. recall) | 2.86(2.22) | 2.42 (2.64) | 3.44(2.01)* | 2.48(2.21) |
| Auditory Verbal Learning Test (delayed recall) | 4.48(3.17)* | 3.96(3.89) | 3.69(3.26) | 3.26(3.22) |
| Auditory Verbal Learning | ||||
| Test (delayed recognition) | 4.66(3.27)‡ | 3.16(4.50) | 3.38(3.26) | 2.65(3.20) |
| Category Verbal Fluency (animals) | −0.38(4.18)† | −1.81(3.52) | −0.59(3.14)† | −2.91(4.40) |
| WAIS Similarities | 2.43(3.91) | 1.00(2.98) | 2.44(3.91) | 1.48(2.87) |
| Trails A Time (seconds) | −11.17(17.47)‡ | 2.08(18.08) | −4.11(18.37)* | 4.24(16.63) |
| Trails B Time (seconds) | −38.21 (65.35)‡ | 0.33(65.51) | 3.00(61.96) | 16.90(62.40) |
| Clock drawing test | 1.52(4.18) | 1.29(5.74) | 3.00(5.59) | 2.14(4.39) |
| Boston Naming Test (correct names) | 1.76(2.01) | 1.15(3.13) | 1.30(2.09) | 1.17(3.38) |
| Mattis Dementing Rating Scale (total score) | 4.59(6.73)‡ | 0.41 (8.48) | 2.15(7.23) | 0.00(5.98) |
| Mattis attention score | 0.48 (0.99)† | 0.19(0.68) | 0.15(0.99) | −0.04(0.71) |
| Mattis initiation score | 1.06(4.03)‡ | −1.07(2.85) | −0.22(3.74) | −1.26(2.91) |
| Mattis construction score | −0.14(0.58) | −0.13(1.39) | 0.04(0.71) | 0.13(1.39) |
| Mattis conceptualization score | 1.52(3.25) | 0.74 (5.40) | 1.19(2.95) | 0.52(2.29) |
| Mattis memory score | 1.66(2.14)† | 0.81 (1.86) | 1.00(1.57) | 0.65(1.75) |
| Whole brain volume (% of total intracranial volume) | 0.47 (0.86)† | −0.15(1.39) | 0.41 (0.70)† | −0.24(1.26) |
All differences are shown as mean (standard deviation). For neuropsychological measures, significance levels of time-by-group interactions from mixed models are shown as
*
p<0.l
†
p < 0.05
‡
p < 0.01.
For whole brain volume percent, †indicates P<0.05 for t-test comparison of intervention group with no intervention group. All significant changes represent improvements, except for Rey Figure (copying) in the Walking group.