Table 1.

Macroporous PVA scaffolds exhibited concentration and strain-dependent material properties.

10% PVA
Strain	HA (kPa)	EY (kPa)	υ	k (m4/ N s)
10%	13.20 ± 1.55	11.67 ± 0.70	0.20 ± 0.04	1.88E-11 ± 6.20E-12
20%	13.90 ± 0.97	11.70 ± 0.77	0.24 ± 0.02	1.56E-11 ± 9.80E-12
30%	18.16 ± 2.08	15.09 ± 1.97	0.25 ± 0.01	1.99E-11 ± 5.75E-12
40%	50.34 ± 12.64 †	36.54 ± 8.67 †	0.31 ± 0.01 †	1.42E-14 ± 6.45E-15 †
50%	112.87 ± 15.38 †	75.61 ±12.83 †	0.33 ± 0.01 ‡	5.48E-16 ± 5.59E-17 †
60%	378.99 ± 64.48†	194.83 ± 27.17 †	0.38 ± 0.01 †	1.12E-16 ± 7.61E-17 §
70%	2165.81 ± 254.58 †	711.75 ± 33.42 †	0.43 ± 0.01 †	2.34E-16 ± 9.10E-17 §
20% PVA
Strain	HA (kPa)*	EY (kPa)*	υ	k (m4/ N s)
10%	66.15 ± 7.62	58.36 ± 3.49	0.21 ± 0.04	1.22E-11 ± 4.10E-12
20%	73.66 ± 2.72	60.45 ± 3.50	0.25 ± 0.04	1.41E-11 ± 7.70E-12
30%	95.24 ± 16.59	75.17 ± 10.16	0.27 ± 0.02	1.23E-11 ± 6.10E-12
40%	253.67 ± 66.45 †	184.34 ± 46.49 †	0.31 ± 0.01	1.33E-14 ± 1.32E-15†
50%	559.06 ± 79.74 †	374.74 ± 66.65 †	0.33 ± 0.01 †	7.83E-16 ± 9.26E-17 §
60%	1694.52 ± 157.01 †	827.11 ± 33.64 †	0.39 ± 0.01 †	3.12E-16 ± 1.02E-16 §
70%	X	1807.32 ± 51.22 †	X	X

Increased concentration resulted in increased compressive aggregate and Young’s moduli (H_A and E_Y respectively, *p<0.05 vs. 10% PVA), with no effect on Poisson’s ratio (υ) or hydraulic permeability (k). For both PVA concentration scaffolds, H_A, E_Y, and υ increased with applied strain whereas k decreased with applied strain. Values of H_A and E_Y at 60–70% strain are in the range of human articular cartilage (Armstrong, et al., 1982; Athanasiou, et al., 1994).

^†p<0.05 vs. previous strains,

^‡p<0.05 vs. 10 – 30% strains,

^§p<0.05 vs. 10 – 40% strains,

X – Compressive testing was not performed due to limits of load cell