Table 1.

Descriptive statistics

Variable	M or %	SD
Standard only (said no to all nonstandard)	0.27
Mother worked nights	0.08
Mother worked evenings	0.16
Mother worked weekends	0.24
Mother worked different times each week	0.15
Mother worked 0 hours (unemployed)	0.40
Mother worked 1–19 hours per week	0.04
Mother worked 20–34 hours per week	0.12
Mother worked 35–44 hours per week	0.34
Mother worked 45+ hours per week	0.09
Mother is white	0.22
Mother is Black	0.51
Mother is Hispanic	0.24
Mother is “other” race	0.03
Mother’s age	29.18	6.14
Mother has less than high school	0.26
Mother has high School/GED	0.27
Mother has some college or technical school	0.34
Mother has a college degree or more	0.13
Mom on welfare in past year	0.22
Father’s age (baseline)	27.60	7.07
Father has less than high school (baseline)	0.32
Father has High School/GED (baseline)	0.36
Father has some college or technical school (baseline)	0.21
Father has college degree or more (baseline)	0.11
Mother married to child’s bio dad	0.31
Mother married to partner (not child’s bio dad)	0.02
Mother cohabits with child’s bio dad	0.18
Mother cohabits with partner (not child’s bio dad)	0.10
Number of kids < 18 in HH	2.47	1.36
Presence of grandparent in the HH	0.14
Presence of other adult (sibling, aunt/uncle, cousin, unrelated adult)	0.16
Child is male	0.52
Child’s age (years)	4.01	1.09
Child low birthweight	0.10
Child physical disability	0.03
HH income in tens of thousands (baseline measure)	3.22	3.14
Mother’s WAIS-R	6.81	2.64
Harsh parenting (factor score)	0.03	1.00
Mother’s depression (age 1)	0.13	0.34
Mother’s generalized anxiety (age 1)	0.03
Focal child’s father ever in jail (age 3)	0.45
Mother smoked during pregnancy (baseline)	0.19
Mother received no or late prenatal care (baseline)	0.06
Mother born in US (baseline)	0.88
Mother considered abortion (baseline)	0.28
Mother lived in public housing (baseline)	0.11
Aggressive CBCL (standardized)	0.00	1.00
Anxious/Depressed CBCL (standardized)	0.00	1.00
n (person-years pooled across age 3 and age 5)	4734