Table I.

Tumor-associated miRNAs and their targets.

miRNA	Up- or down-regulation	Target gene(s)	Target proteins	Cancer	References
miR-9	Up	YC/MYCN	E-cadherin	Breast cancer cells	(35)
miR-449a	Down	Rb	-	Prostate cancer cells	(36)
miR-223	Down	E2F1	C/EBPα	Acute myeloid leukemia	(37)
miR-34a and miR-34b/c	Down	P53	CDK4/6, Cyclin E2, MET and Bcl-2	Neuroblastoma, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, breast and ovarian cancer, bladder and renal cell carcinoma, liver carcinoma, oral squamous cell carcinoma,	(38,39)
miR-21	Up	Pdcd4	u-PAR	Colon cancer	(40,41)
miR-17–92	Up	K-Ras and c-Myc	Tsp1 and CTGF	Colon cancer	(42)
miR-145	Down	TP53	ER-α	Breast cancer cells	(43)
miR- 483-3 and miR-421	Up	DPC4/Smad4	DPC4/Smad4	Pancreatic cancer	(44,45)
miR-224	Up	CDC42, CDH1, PAK2, BCL-2 and MAPK1	CDC42, CDH1, PAK2, BCL-2 and MAPK1	Hepatocellular carcinoma	(46)
miR-106b-25	Up	Caspase-7	Focal adhesion	Prostate cancer	(47)
miR-34	Down	Met and Bcl-2	p53	Lung adenocarcinoma	(48)

miRNA, microRNA; Rb, retinoblastoma.