(A) Separation of LE on a silica gel TLC plate. The detailed procedure is described in the Materials and methods section. The boundaries of fractions F1–12 are marked. (B) Separation of retinoid standards, LE and reconstituted fractions on a TLC plate, from left to right: lane 1, ROL (28.7 μg); lane 2, RAL (28.4 μg); lane 3, RA (15 μg); lane 4, LE (200 μg); lanes 5–16, 1:15 (v/v) of each fraction from fractions F1–F12. (C) The effects of each fraction on Gck expression. Hepatocytes were treated with the vehicle control, LE input, equivalent amounts of fractions F1–F12 or the mixed fraction in the presence of 1 nM insulin for 6 h. The level of Gck mRNA in the control group was arbitrarily assigned a value of 1. (D) Positive m/z spectrum of fraction F5 obtained by a Jeol AccuTOF-DARTTM mass spectrometer. The allowed m/z error was less than 2 mmu. Natural abundance of isotope was assumed and used for deducing the molecular formula of each monoisotopic peak (* indicates unknown and ** indicates cholesterol).