Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% CIs for infant mortality associated with slum residency after adjusting for covariates.
| Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept (SE) | −3.55 (0.08)*** | −3.71 (0.13)*** | −3.75 (0.13)*** |
| Study variables | |||
| Level 2 (Cluster) | |||
| Nonslum neighborhood | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Slum neighborhood | 1.30 (1.17–1.45)*** | 1.20 (1.07–1.35)** | 1.34 (1.15–1.57)*** |
| Level 1 (Child) | |||
| Nonslum household | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Slum household | 1.25 (1.14–1.37)*** | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) | 1.07 (0.97–1.19) |
| Covariates | |||
| Level 3 (country) | |||
| GDP rescale | 0.90 (0.85–0.96)** | 0.90 (0.85–0.96)** | |
| Level 1 (child) | |||
| Household wealth | 0.95 (0.93–0.97)*** | 0.95 (0.93–0.98)*** | |
| Maternal education (years) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98)*** | 0.97 (0.96–0.98)*** | |
| Maternal height | 0.93 (0.90–0.97)*** | 0.93 (0.90–0.97)*** | |
| Maternal height (missing data) | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | |
| Antenatal care | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 1 to 3 visits | 0.80 (0.69–0.93)** | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | |
| Four or more visits | 0.70 (0.61–0.81)*** | 0.74 (0.63–0.85)*** | |
| Antenatal care (missing) | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.39 (1.19–1.61)*** | 1.39 (1.20–1.62)*** | |
| Place of delivery | |||
| At home and no skilled assistance | Ref. | Ref. | |
| At home with skilled assistance | 0.86 (0.72–1.03) | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | |
| At health facility | 0.91 (0.82–1.00) | 0.91 (0.82–1.00) | |
| Birth order | |||
| First born | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 2-3 born | 0.90 (0.80–0.99)* | 0.89 (0.80–0.99)* | |
| 4-5 born | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | 1.04 (0.91–1.20) | |
| 6+ born | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) | |
| Previous birth interval | |||
| 19–35 mths | Ref. | Ref. | |
| <19 mths | 1.67 (1.48–1.89)*** | 1.67 (1.48–1.89)*** | |
| ≥35 mths | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | |
| Maternal age at child birth | |||
| <20 years | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 20–24 years | 0.86 (0.77–0.97)* | 0.87 (0.77–0.97)* | |
| 25–29 years | 0.87 (0.77–0.99)* | 0.88 (0.77–0.99)* | |
| 30–34 years | 0.90 (0.78–1.05) | 0.91 (0.78–1.05) | |
| ≥35 years | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | |
| Male child | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.21 (1.13–1.30)*** | 1.21 (1.13–1.30)*** | |
| Multiple birth | |||
| Singleton | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Multiple birth | 3.16 (2.75–3.64)*** | 3.18 (2.76–3.66)*** | |
| Duration of residence | |||
| ≥15 years | Ref. | Ref. | |
| <4 years | 0.55 (0.50–0.61)*** | 0.55 (0.50–0.61)*** | |
| 5–14 years | 0.91 (0.83–0.99)* | 0.91 (0.84–0.99)* | |
| Breastfeeding | |||
| Delayed | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Early | 0.99 (0.91–1.10) | 0.99 (0.91–1.10) | |
| Unknown timing | 1.21 (1.04–1.39)* | 1.21 (1.04–1.39)* | |
| Never breastfed | 21.24 (19.07–23.66)*** | 21.29 (19.11–23.71)*** | |
| Interactions | |||
| Slum neighborhood∗ANC 1 to 3 visits | 0.79 (0.63–0.99)* | ||
| Slum neighborhood∗ANC ≥4 visits | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) | ||
| Slum neighborhood∗household wealth | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | ||
| Slum neighborhood∗maternal education | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
Note: level 2 and level 3 variables are contextual variables. Level 1 variables are compositional variables.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.