Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% CIs for child stunting associated with slum residency after adjusting for covariates.
| Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept (SE) | −1.25 (0.08)*** | −1.21 (0.09)*** | −1.19 (0.09)*** |
| Study variables | |||
| Level 2 (Cluster) | |||
| Nonslum neighborhood | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Slum neighborhood | 1.28 (1.20–1.37)*** | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 1.04 (0.97–1.10) |
| Level 1 (Child) | |||
| Nonslum household | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Slum household | 1.50 (1.42–1.58)*** | 1.13 (1.07–1.19)*** | 1.13 (1.08–1.20)*** |
| Covariates | |||
| Level 3 (country) | |||
| GDP rescale | 0.91 (0.87–0.96)*** | 0.91 (0.87–0.96)*** | |
| Level 1 (child) | |||
| Household wealth | 0.91 (0.90–0.92)*** | 0.91 (0.90–0.92)*** | |
| Maternal education (years) | 0.96 (0.96–0.96)*** | 0.96 (0.96–0.96)*** | |
| Maternal height | 0.70 (0.69–0.71)*** | 0.70 (0.69–0.71)*** | |
| Maternal height (missing data) | 1.33 (1.12–1.58)*** | 1.33 (1.12–1.58)*** | |
| Antenatal care | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 1 to 3 visits | 0.88 (0.82–0.95)*** | 0.86 (0.80–0.93)*** | |
| Four or more visits | 0.82 (0.76–0.88)*** | 0.80 (0.75–0.86)*** | |
| Antenatal care (missing data) | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 0.78 (0.71–0.86)*** | 0.73 (0.67–0.81)*** | |
| Place of delivery | |||
| At home and no skilled assistance | Ref. | Ref. | |
| At home with skilled assistance | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | |
| At health facility | 0.82 (0.78–0.86)*** | 0.82 (0.78–0.87)*** | |
| Birth order | |||
| First born | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 2-3 born | 1.35 (1.28–1.42)*** | 1.35 (1.28–1.42)*** | |
| 4-5 born | 1.54 (1.43–1.64)*** | 1.53 (1.43–1.64)*** | |
| 6+ born | 1.77 (1.62–1.93)*** | 1.76 (1.62–1.92)*** | |
| Previous birth interval | |||
| 19–35 mths | Ref. | Ref. | |
| <19 mths | 1.18 (1.10–1.26)*** | 1.18 (1.10–1.26)*** | |
| ≥35 mths | 0.79 (0.76–0.83)*** | 0.79 (0.76–0.83)*** | |
| Maternal age at child birth | |||
| <20 years | Ref. | Ref. | |
| 20–24 years | 0.82 (0.78–0.86)*** | 0.82 (0.77–0.86)*** | |
| 25–29 years | 0.72 (0.68–0.77)*** | 0.72 (0.68–0.77)*** | |
| 30–34 years | 0.66 (0.61–0.71)*** | 0.66 (0.61–0.71)*** | |
| ≥35 years | 0.62 (0.56–0.67)*** | 0.61 (0.56–0.67)*** | |
| Male child | |||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Yes | 1.24 (1.20–1.29)*** | 1.24 (1.20–1.29)*** | |
| Multiple birth | |||
| Singleton | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Multiple birth | 1.88 (1.67–2.11)*** | 1.90 (1.70–2.14)*** | |
| Duration of residence | |||
| ≥15 years | Ref. | Ref. | |
| <4 years | 0.99 (0.95–1.05) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | |
| 5–14 years | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) | |
| Child age (yrs) | 1.13 (1.11–1.15)*** | 1.09 (1.07–1.11)*** | |
| Breastfeeding | |||
| Delayed | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Early | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | |
| Unknown timing | 1.03 (0.95–1.13) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | |
| Never breastfed | 1.10 (0.99–1.22) | 1.12 (1.01–1.24)* | |
| Interactions | |||
| Slum neighborhood∗child age | 1.19 (1.16–1.23)*** |
Note: level 2 and level 3 variables are contextual variables. Level 1 variables are compositional variables.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.