Table 4.
Hazard Ratio for All Episodes of Parasitemia or Clinical Malaria in the First Year of Life
| All Parasitemia |
All Clinical Malaria |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | AHR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | AHR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Gravidity and PM | ||||||||
| MG PM− | … | … | … | … | ||||
| MG PM+ | 1.03 (.89–1.19) | .68 | 0.98 (.85–1.12) | .73 | 1.00 (.86–1.17) | .99 | 0.94 (.81–1.10) | .44 |
| PG PM− | 0.52 (.39– .70) | <.01 | 0.64 (.48–.86) | <.01 | 0.48 (.34–.69) | <.01 | 0.60 (.43–.84) | <.01 |
| PG PM+ | 1.04 (.86–1.24) | .70 | 1.01 (.86–1.19) | .93 | 1.04 (.85–1.28) | .71 | 1.00 (.83–1.21) | .97 |
| IPTp use | ||||||||
| Yes | 1 | … | … | 1 | ||||
| No | 0.99 (.82–1.18) | .88 | 1.23 (.93–1.59) | .15 | ||||
| Maternal ITN use | ||||||||
| Yes | 1 | … | 1 | |||||
| No | 0.90 (.83–.98) | .02 | .57 | 0.88 (.79–.99) | .03 | |||
| Wealth index | ||||||||
| Least poor | 1 | … | 1 | … | 1 | … | 1 | … |
| Less poor | 1.77 (1.51–1.93) | <.01 | 1.54 (1.23–1.93) | <.01 | 1.69 (1.29–2.21) | <.01 | 1.44 (1.11–1.87) | <.01 |
| Poor | 2.47 (1.98–3.09) | <.01 | 1.88 (1.50–2.35) | <.01 | 2.43 (1.87–3.16) | <.01 | 1.8 (1.38–2.35) | <.01 |
| More poor | 2.62 (2.11–3.24) | <.01 | 1.86 (1.50–2.31) | <.01 | 2.70 (2.11–3.45) | <.01 | 1.86 (1.44–2.39) | <.01 |
| Most poor | 3.27 (2.64–4.05) | <.01 | 2.21 (1.77–2.76) | <.01 | 3.02 (2.36–3.87) | <.01 | 2.00 (1.55–2.59) | <.01 |
| Thatched roof | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.71 (1.51–1.93) | <.01 | 1.32 (1.16–1.49) | <.01 | 1.70 (1.49–1.95) | <.01 | 1.29 (1.13–1.49) | <.01 |
| Maternal hemoglobin | ||||||||
| ≥10 g/dL | 1 | … | … | 1 | 1 | |||
| <10 g/dL | 1.16 (1.06–1.26) | <.01 | 1.21 (1.07–1.35) | <.01 | 1.13 (.98–1.30) | .08 | ||
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Rural | 2.77 (2.43–3.21) | <.01 | 2.06 (1.7–2.57) | <.01 | 3.02 (2.47–3.68) | <.01 | 2.25 (1.74–2.90) | <.01 |
| Distance from nearest health facility | ||||||||
| <5 km | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| >5 km | 1.24 (1.12–1.35) | <.01 | 0.93 (.81–1.07) | 0.31 | 1.35 (1.19–1.52) | <.01 | 1.01 (.87–1.17) | .91 |
| Infant Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 1 | … | … | 1 | … | … | ||
| Female | 1.07 (.99–1.16) | .10 | 1.00 (.90–1.12) | .93 | ||||
| Birth weight | ||||||||
| ≥2.5 kg | 1 | … | … | 1 | … | … | ||
| <2.5 kg | 0.94 (.82–1.09) | .44 | 0.87 (.71–1.07) | .20 | ||||
| Malaria transmission season at delivery | ||||||||
| Low | 1 | … | … | 1 | … | … | ||
| High | 0.99 (.91–1.09) | .90 | 1.07 (.94–1.21) | .30 | ||||
| Infant ITN use | ||||||||
| High | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate | 1.08 (.98–1.20) | .20 | 1.15 (.99–1.32) | .06 | 1.13 (.98–1.30) | .08 | 1.21 (1.03–1.41) | .02 |
| Low | 1.16 (1.04–1.28) | <.01 | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | .05 | 1.20 (1.04–1.37) | .01 | 1.20 (1.02–1.40) | .03 |
| Malaria exposure score | ||||||||
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Moderate | 1.30 (1.12–1.52) | <.01 | 1.28 (1.10–1.47) | <.01 | 1.17 (.98–1.38) | .07 | 1.15 (.98–1.35) | .09 |
| High | 1.18 (1.00–1.38) | .04 | 1.15 (.99–1.32) | .08 | 1.40 (.96–1.36) | .12 | 1.12 (.95–1.32) | .17 |
AHRs were generated using 1 model for malaria parasitemia or clinical malaria.
Abbreviations: AHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IPTp, intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy; ITN, insecticide-treated bed net; MG, multigravidae; PG, primigravidae; PM, placental malaria; PM–, no placental malaria; PM+, placental malaria present.