Table 2. Incidence density and risk of cardiovascular disease by gallstone disease status.
| No CVD | CVD | Incidence a | Crude HR (95% CI)b | Adjusted HR (95% CI)c | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Gallstone Disease (reference) | 25166 | 2758 | 18.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Gallstone Disease (Total) | 6046 | 935 | 26.0 | 1.45 (1.35-1.56)*** | 1.32 (1.22-1.43)*** |
| Non-Severe Gallstone Disease | 4922 | 759 | 26.0 | 1.45 (1.34-1.57)*** | 1.34 (1.24-1.46)*** |
| Severe Gallstone Disease | 1124 | 176 | 26.3 | 1.47 (1.26-1.71)*** | 1.20 (1.02-1.40)* |
| Gallstone-associated complications d | 1009 | 155 | 25.9 | 1.45 (1.23-1.70)*** | 1.23 (1.04-1.45)* |
| Gallstone-associated procedures e | 480 | 97 | 33.2 | 1.85 (1.52-2.27)*** | 1.32 (1.07-1.62)** |
Abbreviation: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
a
Per 1000 person years.
b
Within 6 years of follow up.
c
Adjusted for age, gender, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, alcoholism, chronic liver disease, and anemia.
d
Gallstone-associated complications include acute cholecystitis, biliary pancreatitis, acute cholangitis.
e
Gallstone-associated procedures include non-elective cholecystectomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
* P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001