Table 2. Gestation-adjusted birth measures (to 40 weeks); activity data measured using accelerometers worn for 1 week between 6 and 10 years; and body composition measurements at 7.5 years.
| Males (n=205) |
Females (n=210) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (s.d.) | Minimum–maximum | Mean (s.d.) | Minimum–maximum | P-value | |
| Birth measures | |||||
| Birth weight (kg) | 3.030 (0.427) | 1.73–4.75 | 2.925 (0.402) | 1.57–4.36 | 0.010 |
| MUAC (cm) | 10.5 (1.0) | 7.8–13.5 | 10.5 (0.9) | 7.6–13.7 | 0.458 |
| Chest circumference (cm) | 32.4 (1.7) | 26.4–39.3 | 32.2 (1.7) | 25.5–37.4 | 0.165 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 34.4 (1.3) | 30.6–37.8 | 33.8 (1.2) | 29.8–37.6 | <0.001 |
| Crown–buttock (cm) | 32.5 (1.7) | 24.8–36.5 | 32.1 (1.7) | 27.6–39.1 | 0.010 |
| Crown–heel (cm) | 49.5 (2.0) | 42.3–54.1 | 48.8 (2.0) | 40.7–58.3 | <0.001 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 30.3 (2.0) | 24.4–38.5 | 30.2 (2.0) | 21.9–36.6 | 0.368 |
| Leg length (cm) | 17.1 (1.3) | 10.9–20.2 | 16.8 (1.6) | 7.5–21.8 | 0.051 |
| TSF (mm)a | 4.1 (3.7–4.8) | 2.0–7.9 | 4.3 (3.8–5.0) | 2.2–8.1 | 0.014 |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm)a | 4.4 (3.9–4.9) | 2.8–8.7 | 4.4 (4.0–5.2) | 2.7–7.7 | 0.035 |
| AMA (cm2) | 6.8 (1.2) | 3.7–10.0 | 6.5 (1.1) | 3.8–11.5 | 0.058 |
| Size at 7.5 years | |||||
| Weight (kg) | 20.5 (2.7) | 14.6–32.7 | 20.3 (3.5) | 14.3–37.6 | 0.442 |
| Height (m) | 121.2 (4.9) | 108.2–136.7 | 120.3 (5.2) | 105.7–137.6 | 0.068 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 13.9 (1.3) | 10.6–19.5 | 13.9 (1.6) | 11.1–21.8 | 0.926 |
| TSF (mm)a | 6.5 (5.7,8.1) | 4.0–17.9 | 8.3 (7.0,10.3) | 4.7–23.9 | <0.001 |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm)a | 5.6 (4.8,6.5) | 3.6–19.1 | 6.3 (5.3,7.9) | 3.9–26.5 | <0.001 |
| Fat % from bio-impedance | 21.6 (4.9) | 9.4–36.3 | 27.4 (5.3) | 11.4–41.1 | <0.001 |
| AMA (cm2)† | 17.3 (2.5) | 12.2–31.2 | 15.9 (2.4) | 10.8–28.6 | <0.001 |
| Activity measures | |||||
| Mean (cpm) | 570 (155) | 491 (140) | <0.001 | ||
| Counts/day (×103) | 449 (124) | 384 (113) | <0.001 | ||
| Registered time (min/day) | 791 (79) | 781 (80) | 0.195 | ||
| Sedentary (% of RT)b | 40.3 (9.6) | 42.2 (9.5) | 0.042 | ||
| Light activity (% of RT)b | 53.3 (8.5) | 53.1 (8.6) | 0.860 | ||
| Moderate activity (% of RT)b | 5.1 (2.9) | 3.7 (1.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Vigorous activity (% RT)a,b | 1.1 (0.6,1.9) | 0.7 (0.4,1.3) | <0.001 | ||
MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference; TSF, triceps skinfold; AMA, arm muscle area; BMI, body mass index; RT, registered time.
a
Values are median (inter-quartile range).
b
Intensity cut offs are based on Evenson cut offs.19
†
Measured at 8 years.