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Comparison of the brains of (A) larval amphioxus, (B) larval tunicate Ciona intestinalis, and (C) the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. In all three pictures, anterior is to the left. Based on Young (1962), Nieuwenhuys (1972, 1977), Burighel and Cloney (1997), Nieuwenhuys and Nicholson (1998), Fritzsch and Glover (2009), and Glover and Fritzsch (2009). Only the lamprey has a well-delineated tripartite brain and the full suite of neural-crest derivatives.
