Figure 1.

Classification of bioreactors and cell culture systems by volume. Property ranges are illustrative of the range of function. In the cases of monitoring and control, ranges give the typical capabilities of systems in the field and the more advanced capabilities demonstrated. Where appropriate the 1st published account of a system with the properties described is referenced. For the quoted k_La values, references are given with the mixing mechanism used in each system, in order to relate this parameter to a key design characteristic. Key: i (Zanzotto et al., 2004), diffusion; ii (Funke et al., 2010b); iii (Funke et al., 2010a), shaken; iv (Zanzotto et al., 2006); v (Lee et al., 2006), peristaltic deflection of gas-permeable membrane; vi (Szita et al., 2005); vii (Zhang et al., 2006a); viii (Zhang et al., 2006b), stirred with magnetic bar; ix (Harms et al., 2006), stirred with impeller and sparged; x (Weuster-Botz et al., 2005); xi (Kostov et al., 2001), stirred with magnetic bar and sparged; xii (Puskeiler et al., 2005), stirred with impeller and sparged; xiii (Tang et al., 2006); xiv (Isett et al., 2007); xv (Chen et al., 2009); xvi (Hortsch et al., 2010), stirred with impeller; xvii (Klein et al., 2012).