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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2013 Oct;41(4):216–223. doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3182a4e699

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Simplified schematic of the proposed cellular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to amino acids, insulin, and exercise. 4E-BP1, 4E binding protein 1; Akt, protein kinase B; BCAA, branch chain amino acids; eEF2, eukaryotic elongation factor 2; eIF4F, eukaryotic initiation factor 4F; Gln, glutamine; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; LAT1, L-type amino acid transporter 1; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; PA, phosphatidic acid; Rag, Ras-related GTPase; rpS6, ribosomal protein S6; S6K1, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1; SNAT2, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2