Table 1.

Cell cycle analysis. Cells were incubated without (control) or with various titanium dioxide nanoparticles for one, two, and three days, respectively

Time (days)	Samples	G1%	S%	G2%	PI (S + G2)%
1	Control	71.30	18.60	10.10	28.70
	14 nm	72.30	12.30	15.40	27.70
	108 nm	77.24	5.76	17.00	22.76
	196 nm	82.08	3.72	14.20	17.92
2	Control	69.80	11.60	18.60	30.20
	14 nm	73.51	5.79	20.70	26.49
	108 nm	79.41	8.79	11.80	20.59
	196 nm	84.23	8.07	7.70	15.77
3	Control	67.39	12.20	20.40	32.60
	14 nm	75.85	8.050	16.10	24.15
	108 nm	78.05	13.00	8.95	21.95
	196 nm	87.00	5.21	7.79	13.00

Notes: Initial cell seeding density was 1 × 10⁵ cells/cm². DNA content was analyzed by flow cytometry. G₁, S, and G₂ indicate cell cycle phases.

Abbreviation: PI, proliferation index; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid.