Table 1.
CFR and pharmacological interventions
| Mode of action | Patients | Treatment | CFR before treatment | CFR after treatment | Treatment duration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Statins | No angiography-verified CAD and normal cholesterol | Atorvastatin vs placebo | 2.47 ± 0.34 | 3.02 ± 0.54, p = 0.0012 (no change in placebo) | 1 h | [54] |
| Hypercholesterolemia | Fluvastatin (no placebo) | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.8, p < 0.01 | 3 months | [55] | |
| AMI | Atorvastatin: low-dose (LD) 10 mg or moderate-dose (MD) 40 mg | LD: 2.02 ± 0.56 MD:1.98 ± 0.58 | LD: 2.58 ± 0.67, p < 0.05 MD:2.96 ± 0.73, p < 0.05 | 8 months | [56] | |
| Slow coronary flow | Atorvastatin (no placebo) | 1.95 ± 0.38 | 2.54 ± 0.56, p < 0.001 | 8 weeks | [57] | |
| Anti-hypertensives | Hypentension | Telmisartan vs nifedipine | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.9 ± 0.4 p < 0.01 (no change in Nifedipine) | 12 weeks | [58] |
| Hypertension and microvascular angina pectoris | Enalapril (in hypertensives vs normotensive patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 1.2 (p < 0.001) (no change in normotensive patients) | 11 to 13 months | [59] | |
| Hypentension | Perindopril (no placebo) | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 1.9 (P = 0.001) | 12 months | [60] | |
| Hypertension and LVH | Lisinopril vs losartan | 2.4 ± 1 | 3.7 ± 1.1, p = 0.002 (no change in Losartan) | 12 months | [61] | |
| Diabetes + albuminuria | Eplerenone vs hydrochlorothiazide | 1.38 (1.11–1.61) | 1.57 (1.36–2.14) vs hydrochlorothiazide 1.30 (1.08–1.47) , p = 0.03 | 6 weeks | [62] | |
| Diabetes + LVH | Perindoprilat vs placebo = saline | 2.7 ± 1.0 Saline infusion | 3.9 ± 0.9, p < 0.001 perindoprilat infusion | Acute infusion | [63] | |
| Fenofibrate | Hypertriglycemia | Fenofibrate vs placebo | 2.8 ± 0.58 | 3.14 ± 0.36,P < 0.01 (no change in placebo ) | 6 months | [64] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Rheumatoid arthritis | Single dose Anankinra vs placebo (4 h) and Prednisolon (1 month) | 2.39 ± 0.6 | 4 h: 2.85 ± 0.7, p < 0.001 1 month: 3.08 ±0.5, p < 0.001 (no change in placebo or Prednisolon) | 4 h and 1 month | [65] |
| Anti-oxidant | IDC and hyperuricemia | Allopurinol (no placebo) | 1.87 [1.63–2.00] | 2.20 [1.87–2.49], p < 0.001 | 3 months | [66] |
CAD coronaryarterydisease, AMI acutemyocardialinfarction, IDC idiopathicdilatedcardiomyopathy, LVH left ventricular hypertrophy