Table 1.

Secondary causes of osteoporosis.

Common	Cushing’s syndrome or exogenous corticosteroid use (>5 mg/day for >3 months)
	Excessive alcohol use (more than two standard drinks per day)
	Primary or secondary hypogonadism
	Inadequate calcium intake (<600 mg/day)
	Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency
	Tobacco
	Family history
Less common	Low body mass index (<20)
	Lack of exercise or excessive exercise
	Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbitone, primidone, carbamazepine)
	Thyrotoxicosis
	Primary hyperparathyroidism
	Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
	Chronic liver or kidney disease
	Malabsorption, including coeliac disease
	Hypercalciuria
	Rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylosis
Rare	Multiple myeloma
	Human immunodeficiency virus infection or its treatment with protease inhibitors (tenofovir)
	Mastocytosis
	Immunosuppressive therapy (cyclosporin, tacrolimus)
	Osteogenesis imperfect