Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for cancer sample at baseline interview
| Observations | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base comparison | Alternative 1 | Alternative 2 | Alternative 3 | |||||
|
| ||||||||
| OFFER=1 | OFFER=1 | ECHI=1 | ECHI = 1 | ECHI=1 | ECHI=1 | |||
| ECHI=0 | ECHI=1 | ECHI=0 | ECHI=1 | NOSECHI=0 | NOSECHI=1 | NOSOFFER=0 | NOSOFFER=1 | |
| 195 | 260 | 110 | 260 | 109 | 151 | 164 | 96 | |
| Labor supply | ||||||||
| Employed 2 months (SD) | 83.08 (37.59) | 83.08 (37.57) | 81.82 (38.75) | 83.08 (37.57) | 85.32 (35.55) | 81.46 (38.99) | 84.76 (36.05) | 80.21 (40.05) |
| Employed 9 months (SD) | 87.69 (32.94) | 91.92 (27.30) | 86.36 (34.47) | 91.92 (27.30)* | 90.83 (29.00) | 92.72 (26.08) | 91.46 (28.03) | 92.71 (26.14) |
| Mean weekly hours worked (SD), Baseline | 37.26 (13.34) | 43.97 (8.30)*** | 40.59 (10.40) | 43.97 (8.30)*** | 43.36 (7.58) | 44.42 (8.78) | 43.65 (7.97) | 44.52 (8.85) |
| Mean weekly hours worked (SD), 2 months | 25.96 (16.68) | 30.89 (16.92)*** | 28.57 (16.90) | 30.89 (16.92) | 30.42 (15.95) | 31.23 (17.62) | 31.12 (16.39) | 30.50 (17.85) |
| Mean weekly hours worked (SD), 9 months | 29.79 (16.35) | 38.11 (14.27)*** | 32.63 (15.86) | 38.11 (14.27)*** | 36.74 (14.33) | 39.10 (14.19) | 37.22 (14.11) | 39.64 (14.48) |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age (SD) | 48.92 (7.09) | 49.38 (7.77) | 48.34 (7.07) | 49.38 (7.77) | 48.73 (8.36) | 49.84 (7.32) | 48.27 (8.06) | 51.26 (6.89)*** |
| Race/ethnicity | *** | ** | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 84.62 | 73.85 | 81.82 | 73.85 | 72.48 | 74.83 | 70.12 | 80.21 |
| African-American, non-Hispanic | 9.23 | 23.46 | 11.82 | 23.46 | 23.85 | 23.18 | 26.22 | 18.75 |
| Other | 6.15 | 2.69 | 6.36 | 2.69 | 3.67 | 1.99 | 3.66 | 1.04 |
| Education | ||||||||
| High school diploma or less | 13.85 | 14.62 | 10.91 | 14.62 | 19.27 | 11.26 | 14.63 | 14.58 |
| Some college or Associate’s degree | 27.18 | 29.62 | 27.27 | 29.62 | 27.52 | 31.13 | 30.49 | 28.12 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 30.77 | 32.31 | 32.73 | 32.31 | 34.86 | 30.46 | 35.37 | 27.08 |
| Advanced degree | 28.21 | 23.46 | 29.09 | 23.46 | 18.35 | 27.15 | 19.51 | 30.21 |
| Has children < 18 | 46.67 | 39.23 | 51.82 | 39.23** | 40.37 | 38.41 | 42.68 | 33.33 |
| Household income | ||||||||
| <$40,000 | 3.59 | 5.00 | 4.55 | 5.00 | 5.50 | 4.64 | 3.66 | 7.29 |
| $40,000 – $74,999 | 17.95 | 21.54 | 15.45 | 21.54 | 21.1 | 21.85 | 18.29 | 27.08 |
| $75,000 – $150,000 | 48.72 | 48.46 | 50.91 | 48.46 | 46.79 | 49.67 | 48.78 | 47.92 |
| >$150,000 | 27.18 | 22.31 | 28.18 | 22.31 | 23.85 | 21.19 | 26.22 | 15.62 |
| Respondent’s share of household | ||||||||
| income | *** | *** | ** | *** | ||||
| <25% | 36.41 | 6.92 | 25.45 | 6.92 | 11.01 | 3.97 | 8.54 | 4.17 |
| 26% – 50% | 45.64 | 44.23 | 53.64 | 44.23 | 49.54 | 40.4 | 51.22 | 32.29 |
| 51% – 75% | 14.87 | 35.00 | 18.18 | 35.00 | 31.19 | 37.75 | 32.32 | 39.58 |
| >75% | 1.03 | 11.54 | 1.82 | 11.54 | 5.50 | 15.89 | 4.88 | 22.92 |
| Cancer and Treatment | ||||||||
| Breast cancer stage | *** | ** | ||||||
| Stage 0 | 9.74 | 11.92 | 10.91 | 11.92 | 13.76 | 10.6 | 13.41 | 9.38 |
| Stage I | 39.49 | 29.62 | 40 | 29.62 | 27.52 | 31.13 | 28.05 | 32.29 |
| Stage II | 43.59 | 41.92 | 43.64 | 41.92 | 41.28 | 42.38 | 39.63 | 45.83 |
| Stage III or IV | 7.18 | 16.54 | 5.45 | 16.54 | 17.43 | 15.89 | 18.9 | 12.5 |
| Had chemotherapy and/or radiation (SD) | 92.31 (26.72) | 93.46 (24.77) | 94.55 (22.81) | 93.46 (24.77) | 95.41 (21.02) | 92.05 (27.14) | 95.12 (21.61) | 90.63 (29.30) |
| Radiation at 2 months post-diagnosis (SD) | 16.06 (36.81) | 14.17 (34.95) | 18.52 (39.03) | 14.17 (34.95) | 15.60 (36.45) | 13.10 (33.86) | 14.91 (35.73) | 12.90 (33.71) |
| Radiation at 9 months post-diagnosis (SD) | 6.19 (24.15) | 5.47 (22.78) | 8.26 (27.65) | 5.47 (22.78) | 6.42 (24.63) | 4.76 (21.37) | 6.13 (24.07) | 4.30 (20.40) |
| Chemotherapy at 2 months post-diagnosis (SD) | 55.15 (49.86) | 66.27 (47.37)** | 57.27 (49.69) | 66.27 (47.37) | 64.15 (48.18) | 67.79 (46.89) | 67.08 (47.14) | 64.89 (47.99) |
| Chemotherapy at 9 months post-diagnosis (SD) | 8.95 (28.62) | 9.49 (29.36) | 10.19 (30.39) | 9.49 (29.36) | 10.58 (30.90) | 8.72 (28.32) | 12.58 (33.7) | 4.26 (20.29)** |
| Health measures | ||||||||
| CES-D10 score (%’s) (SD) | 11.67 (14.42) | 13.44 (15.82) | 11.57 (15.70) | 13.44 (15.82) | 13.28 (15.89) | 13.55 (15.83) | 12.75 (14.42) | 14.62 (17.99) |
| Count of comorbidities (max of 2) (SD) | 1.12 (0.85) | 1.11 (0.84) | 1.10 (0.88) | 1.11 (0.84) | 1.11 (0.84) | 1.11 (0.84) | 1.08 (0.85) | 1.17 (0.83) |
| SF-36 physical health score (SD) | 56.43 (5.26) | 56.00 (5.95) | 56.00 (5.56) | 56.00 (5.95) | 56.43 (5.41) | 55.69 (6.31) | 56.24 (5.39) | 55.58 (6.80) |
| SF-36 mental health score (SD) | 53.91 (7.98) | 53.33 (7.59) | 53.98 (8.42) | 53.33 (7.59) | 53.58 (7.16) | 53.14 (7.90) | 54.07 (6.61) | 52.06 (8.93)** |
| Job characteristics | ||||||||
| Occupation type | ||||||||
| White collar | 92.82 | 93.08 | 95.45 | 93.08 | 89.91 | 95.36 | 91.46 | 95.83 |
| Blue collar | 7.18 | 6.54 | 4.55 | 6.54 | 9.17 | 4.64 | 7.93 | 4.17 |
| Firm size | *** | ** | * | |||||
| <25 employees | 37.44 | 7.31 | 16.36 | 7.31 | 9.17 | 5.96 | 7.32 | 7.29 |
| 25 – 49 employees | 6.15 | 5.00 | 4.55 | 5.00 | 8.26 | 2.65 | 6.10 | 3.12 |
| 50 – 99 employees | 6.67 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 5.00 | 2.75 | 6.62 | 3.05 | 8.33 |
| 100+ employees | 49.74 | 82.31 | 69.09 | 82.31 | 78.9 | 84.77 | 82.93 | 81.25 |
| Firm type | *** | |||||||
| Government | 21.03 | 39.23 | 30.00 | 39.23 | 35.78 | 41.72 | 37.80 | 41.67 |
| Private, for-profit | 53.85 | 48.08 | 53.64 | 48.08 | 51.38 | 45.70 | 49.39 | 45.83 |
| Non-profit | 13.33 | 10.00 | 13.64 | 10.00 | 8.26 | 11.26 | 9.76 | 10.42 |
| Self-employed | 11.79 | 2.31 | 2.73 | 2.31 | 3.67 | 1.32 | 2.44 | 2.08 |
| Offered full sick pay | *** | ** | * | |||||
| Not Offered | 42.05 | 8.85 | 16.36 | 8.85 | 9.17 | 8.61 | 7.32 | 11.46 |
| < 1 month | 30.77 | 35.00 | 46.36 | 35.00 | 30.28 | 38.41 | 32.93 | 38.54 |
| 1–3 months | 16.92 | 30.77 | 25.45 | 30.77 | 36.70 | 26.49 | 37.20 | 19.79 |
| 4–6 months | 3.59 | 13.85 | 4.55 | 13.85 | 16.51 | 11.92 | 12.20 | 16.67 |
| 7 or more months | 3.59 | 7.69 | 5.45 | 7.69 | 4.59 | 9.93 | 6.10 | 10.42 |
| Offered but length not known | 3.08 | 3.08 | 1.82 | 3.08 | 1.83 | 3.97 | 3.66 | 2.08 |
| Offered partial sick pay | *** | |||||||
| Not offered | 83.08 | 60.77 | 73.64 | 60.77 | 62.39 | 59.60 | 60.37 | 61.46 |
| <1 month | 2.56 | 1.92 | 3.64 | 1.92 | 0.92 | 2.65 | 1.22 | 3.12 |
| 1–3 months | 2.56 | 8.46 | 4.55 | 8.46 | 5.50 | 10.60 | 7.32 | 10.42 |
| 4–6 months | 2.05 | 9.62 | 3.64 | 9.62 | 10.09 | 9.27 | 9.15 | 10.42 |
| 7 or more months | 2.56 | 6.54 | 3.64 | 6.54 | 4.59 | 7.95 | 6.10 | 7.29 |
| Offered but length not known | 5.13 | 9.62 | 8.18 | 9.62 | 14.68 | 5.96 | 13.41 | 3.12 |
| Retirement plan | *** | *** | ||||||
| Not offered | 35.38 | 3.85 | 13.64 | 3.85 | 5.50 | 2.65 | 3.66 | 4.17 |
| In plan | 51.28 | 92.69 | 73.64 | 92.69 | 90.83 | 94.04 | 92.68 | 92.71 |
| Offered, not in plan | 11.28 | 3.46 | 11.82 | 3.46 | 3.67 | 3.31 | 3.66 | 3.12 |
| Job requires most of the time or more often | ||||||||
| Lots of physical effort (SD) | 28.72 (45.36) | 25.38 (43.60) | 26.36 (44.26) | 25.38 (43.60) | 23.85 (42.82) | 26.49 (44.27) | 25.00 (43.43) | 26.04 (44.12) |
| Intense concentration or attention (SD) | 80.00 (40.10) | 82.69 (37.90) | 78.18 (41.49) | 82.69 (37.90) | 77.98 (41.63) | 86.09 (34.72)* | 79.88 (40.21) | 87.50 (33.25) |
| Lifting heavy loads (SD) | 7.69 (26.72) | 8.85 (28.45) | 6.36 (24.52) | 8.85 (28.45) | 8.26 (27.65) | 9.27 (29.10) | 9.15 (28.91) | 8.33 (27.78) |
| Stooping, kneeling, or crouching (SD) | 23.59 (42.57) | 17.31 (37.90)* | 21.82 (41.49) | 17.31 (37.90) | 11.01 (31.44) | 21.85 (41.46)** | 14.63 (35.45) | 21.88 (41.56) |
| Analysis of data or information (SD) | 63.08 (48.38) | 72.69 (44.64)** | 68.18 (46.79) | 72.69 (44.64) | 71.56 (45.32) | 73.51 (44.27) | 72.56 (44.76) | 72.92 (44.67) |
| Learning new things (SD) | 54.36 (49.94) | 58.46 (49.37) | 51.82 (50.20) | 58.46 (49.37) | 58.72 (49.46) | 58.28 (49.47) | 57.32 (49.61) | 60.42 (49.16) |
| Good eyesight (SD) | 88.72 (31.72) | 88.85 (31.54) | 88.18 (32.43) | 88.85 (31.54) | 88.07 (32.56) | 89.40 (30.88) | 86.59 (34.19) | 92.71 (26.14) |
| Job requires keeping up with pace set by others | ** | * | * | |||||
| Most of the time or more often | 45.13 | 36.92 | 47.27 | 36.92 | 43.12 | 32.45 | 39.63 | 32.29 |
| Some of the time or less often | 53.85 | 63.08 | 52.73 | 63.08 | 56.88 | 67.55 | 60.37 | 67.71 |
| Number of hours sitting per day at job | ** | |||||||
| <2.5 hours | 30.77 | 23.08 | 29.09 | 23.08 | 24.77 | 21.85 | 22.56 | 23.96 |
| 2.5 to 4.5 hours | 31.28 | 25.00 | 25.45 | 25.00 | 23.85 | 25.83 | 25.61 | 23.96 |
| 5 to 7 | 26.15 | 31.92 | 29.09 | 31.92 | 30.28 | 33.11 | 29.27 | 36.46 |
| >7 hours | 11.79 | 20.00 | 16.36 | 20.00 | 21.10 | 19.21 | 22.56 | 15.62 |
| Recent job search (SD) | 0.34 (0.89) | 0.18 (0.66)** | 0.31 (0.83) | 0.18 (0.66) | 0.19 (0.70) | 0.17 (0.64) | 0.21 (0.73) | 0.13 (0.53) |
| Job tenure of less than a year (SD) | 10.77 (31.08) | 4.23(20.17)*** | 10.00 (30.14) | 4.23 (20.17)** | 2.75 (16.44) | 5.30 (22.47) | 4.88 (21.61) | 3.13 (17.49) |
| Held one or more other jobs (SD) | 12.31 (32.94) | 11.92 (32.47) | 8.18 (27.53) | 11.92 (32.47) | 14.68 (35.55) | 9.93 (30.01) | 12.20 (32.82) | 11.46 (32.02) |
| Worked 49 or more weeks last year (SD) | 81.03 (39.31) | 92.31 (26.70)*** | 84.55 (36.31) | 92.31 (26.70)** | 93.58 (24.63) | 91.39 (28.14) | 93.29 (25.09) | 90.63 (29.30) |
| Job satisfaction score (%’s) (SD) | 68.45 (12.04) | 67.83 (11.46) | 67.22 (12.08) | 67.83 (11.46) | 67.76 (11.98) | 67.88 (11.10) | 68.13 (11.65) | 67.31 (11.16) |
| Job involvement score (%’s) (SD) | 56.71 (8.23) | 57.37 (7.34) | 56.00 (7.40) | 57.37 (7.34) | 58.24 (7.83) | 56.74 (6.93) | 57.65 (7.40) | 56.90 (7.27) |
| Health insurance features | ||||||||
| Employer pays premium | * | |||||||
| All | 15.03 | 12.69 | 11.82 | 12.69 | 15.6 | 10.6 | 12.8 | 12.5 |
| Part | 78.24 | 84.62 | 85.45 | 84.62 | 80.73 | 87.42 | 84.15 | 85.42 |
| None | 2.59 | 1.92 | 0.91 | 1.92 | 2.75 | 1.32 | 1.83 | 2.08 |
| Can visit any doctor | ||||||||
| Yes | 68.91 | 66.15 | 73.64 | 66.15 | 62.39 | 68.87 | 65.85 | 66.67 |
| No | 30.57 | 32.69 | 26.36 | 32.69 | 37.61 | 29.14 | 33.54 | 31.25 |
| Policy limits visits to non-cancer specialists | ** | ** | ||||||
| Yes | 19.69 | 26.92 | 14.55 | 26.92 | 27.52 | 26.49 | 23.78 | 32.29 |
| No | 49.22 | 52.31 | 54.55 | 52.31 | 50.46 | 53.64 | 56.10 | 45.83 |
| Co-pay for office visit | ** | |||||||
| Yes | 92.33 | 92.69 | 92.73 | 92.69 | 96.33 | 90.07 | 95.73 | 87.50 |
| No | 7.77 | 6.92 | 7.27 | 6.92 | 3.67 | 9.27 | 4.27 | 11.46 |
| Co-pay for outpatient services | *** | |||||||
| Yes | 73.06 | 71.15 | 73.64 | 71.15 | 77.98 | 66.23 | 78.05 | 59.38 |
| No | 25.39 | 24.62 | 24.55 | 24.62 | 18.35 | 29.14 | 19.51 | 33.33 |
| Co-pay for hospitals | ||||||||
| Yes | 84.46 | 82.69 | 88.18 | 82.69 | 83.49 | 82.12 | 83.54 | 81.25 |
| No | 10.88 | 12.31 | 10.00 | 12.31 | 11.01 | 13.25 | 12.20 | 12.50 |
| Spouse characteristics | ||||||||
| Spouse firm type | *** | ** | *** | *** | ||||
| Government | 24.62 | 18.46 | 24.55 | 18.46 | 27.52 | 11.92 | 24.39 | 8.33 |
| Private, for-profit | 59.49 | 48.85 | 57.27 | 48.85 | 55.05 | 44.37 | 59.76 | 30.21 |
| Non-profit | 3.08 | 2.31 | 1.82 | 2.31 | 2.75 | 1.99 | 2.44 | 2.08 |
| Self-employed | 5.13 | 13.08 | 4.55 | 13.08 | 3.67 | 19.87 | 4.88 | 27.08 |
| Spouse not working | 7.18 | 17.31 | 10.91 | 17.31 | 11.01 | 21.85 | 8.54 | 32.29 |
| Spouse firm size | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
| <25 employees | 8.72 | 21.92 | 6.36 | 21.92 | 11.01 | 29.80 | 10.98 | 40.62 |
| 25 – 49 employees | 3.08 | 5.77 | 1.82 | 5.77 | 6.42 | 5.30 | 6.71 | 4.17 |
| 50 – 99 employees | 4.10 | 5.38 | 2.73 | 5.38 | 3.67 | 6.62 | 6.71 | 3.12 |
| 100+ employees | 47.87 | 48.08 | 77.27 | 48.08 | 64.22 | 36.42 | 64.63 | 19.79 |
| Spouse not working | 7.18 | 17.31 | 10.91 | 17.31 | 11.01 | 21.85 | 8.54 | 32.29 |
| Spouse age (SD) | 50.68 (7.60) | 51.77 (8.86) | 50.11 (7.89) | 51.77 (8.86)* | 51.20 (8.89) | 52.18 (8.86) | 50.30 (8.73) | 54.26 (8.56)*** |
| Spouse health excellent or very good (SD) | 69.23 (46.27) | 57.69 (49.50)** | 67.27 (47.14) | 57.69 (49.50)* | 61.47 (48.89) | 54.97 (49.92) | 61.59 (48.79) | 51.04 (50.25)* |
| Spouse worked more than one job (SD) | 9.74 (29.73) | 14.23 (35.00) | 8.18 (27.53) | 14.23 (35.00) | 16.51 (37.30) | 12.58 (33.28) | 14.02 (34.83) | 14.58 (35.48) |
| Spouse job tenure of less than a year (SD) | 5.64 (23.13) | 6.54 (24.77) | 3.64 (18.81) | 6.54 (24.77) | 0.00 (0.00) | 11.26 (31.71)*** | 4.88 (21.61) | 9.38 (29.30) |
| Spouse hours worked per week (SD) | 43.95 (16.07) | 38.46 (20.54)*** | 41.01 (17.09) | 38.46 (20.54) | 42.35 (17.57) | 35.64 (22.07)*** | 42.88 (16.07) | 30.91 (24.81)*** |
| Spouse education level | *** | ** | * | |||||
| High school diploma or less | 21.03 | 32.31 | 24.55 | 32.31 | 31.19 | 33.11 | 31.71 | 33.33 |
| Some college or Associates degree | 20.51 | 26.15 | 18.18 | 26.15 | 30.28 | 23.18 | 27.44 | 23.96 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 32.82 | 21.92 | 33.64 | 21.92 | 15.6 | 26.49 | 18.29 | 28.12 |
| Advanced degree | 25.64 | 18.85 | 23.64 | 18.85 | 21.1 | 17.22 | 21.34 | 14.58 |
| Spouse race/ethnicity | *** | *** | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 85.13 | 72.31 | 80.00 | 72.31 | 71.56 | 72.85 | 69.51 | 77.08 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 9.74 | 25.00 | 12.73 | 25.00 | 25.69 | 24.50 | 28.66 | 18.75 |
| Other | 5.13 | 2.69 | 7.27 | 2.69 | 2.75 | 2.65 | 1.83 | 4.17 |
Notes: Values in Table 1 are column percentages in the case of multi-category variables and means for continuous and binomial variables. ECHI=employment-contingent health insurance for the respondent, OFFER=respondent was offered ECHI, NOSECHI=respondent’s spouse is not covered by employment-contingent or military health insurance, and NOSOFFER=spouse was not offered (from his employer) employment-contingent health insurance and did not have military health insurance. A few variables are denoted as %’s in the table, to indicate that they have been converted to percentages, instead of their usual standardized scales, to account for instances where some questions that are needed to create the score were not answered by the respondent. Columns within each pair are compared using the χ2 test for multi-category variables and the two-sample t-test for continuous or binomial variables. Missing data: radiation at 2 months (n=17); radiation at 9 months (n=11); chemotherapy at 2 months (n=7); chemotherapy at 9 months (n=7). For these variables, we excluded the missing values when calculating means and performing t-tests, though the missing value observations were included in the following regressions by use of a dummy variable. For some categorical variables (including some binomial variables), there are a few respondents in “don’t know/refused” categories. In these cases, χ2 tests are performed that include these responses in a separate category (though these categories are not reported in the table), and these cases are captured with dummy variables in the regressions that follow. Three respondents refused to give or did not know their husbands’ ages. These observations are excluded from the spouse age means and tests above, though they are included in the following regressions via use of a dummy variable. Percentages calculated and tests performed for health insurance characteristic variables exclude observations for two respondents who were not asked questions about their health insurance due to a survey error. These individuals were included in the regressions, again via the use of a dummy variable. Statistically significant differences are indicated above estimates for variables with multiple categories reported and next to estimates otherwise. Conventional levels of statistical significance are noted as follows:
*
p<.10,
**
p<.05,
***
p<.01.