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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Tissue Res. 2013 Apr 12;354(1):221–246. doi: 10.1007/s00441-013-1611-0
Positive Symptoms Negative Symptoms
  • Hallucinations

  • Delusions

  • Positive formal thought disorder

  • Repeated instances of bizarre or disorganized behaviour

  • All first rank (Schneiderian) florid symptoms:

    • Audible thoughts (thought echo)

    • Voices heard arguing, or commenting on one’s actions

    • Somatic/thought passivity experiences (delusions of control)

    • Thought withdrawal

    • Thought broadcasting (also called thought diffusion)

    • Thought insertion (Thoughts are ascribed to other people who intrude their thoughts upon the patient)

    • Delusional perception and association (i.e., taking a normal sensory perception to mean a bizarre situation, such as taking seeing an aeroplane as indicating the patient should be the next president)

  • Flattening of affects

  • Anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure)

  • Alogia (poverty of speech)

  • Asociality (reduced motivation to engage in social interaction and/or the preference for solitary activities)

  • Avolition-Apathy (general lack of drive, or motivation to pursue meaningful goals; impassivity, perfunctoriness, a state of indifference)

  • Anergia (lethargy, physical inactivity)

  • Loss of sexual interest and libido

  • Slowed body movements

Cognitive Deterioration
  • Attentional impairment

  • Memory impairment

  • Deterioration of executive function

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