Table 2.

Effective dose measured in humans for 21 different ¹¹C-labeled tracers

Radiopharmaceutical	Target	Effective dose (µSv/MBq)	Reference
11C-Glucose	Cell metabolism	3.0a	Graham et al. (1998) [21]
		3.8b
11C-NPA	Dopamine D2/3 receptor	3.2	Laymon et al. (2009) [22]
11C-ABP688	Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5)	3.7	Treyer et al. (2008) [23]
Methyl-11C-thymidine	Cancer imaging	3.8	Thierens et al. (1994) [24]
11C-GSK931145	Glycine transporter 1	4.0a	Bullich et al. (2011) [25]
		4.9b
11C-MeAIB	Amino acid transport	4.0	Tolvanen et al. (2006) [26]
11C-PD153035	Epidermal growth factor receptor	4.0a	Liu et al. (2009) [27]
		5.2b
11C-MP4B	Butyrylcholinesterase	4.2	Virta et al. (2008) [28]
11C-Choline	Tumors and proliferative disorders	4.4	Tolvanen et al. (2010) [29]
11C-Carfentanil	μ-Opiate receptor	4.6	Newberg et al. (2009) [30]
11C-Docetaxel	Cancer imaging	4.7	van der Veldt et al. (2010) [31]
11C-PIB	β-Amyloid plaque	4.7	Scheinin et al. (2007) [32]
11C-MPGA	GABA receptor	4.8	Santens et al. (1998) [33]
11C-Acetate	Cancer imaging	4.9	Seltzer et al. (2004) [34]
11C-Flumazenil	GABAA receptor complex	5.0	Nugent et al. (2004) [35]
11C-Methionine	Cancer imaging	5.2c	Deloar et al. (1998) [36]
		5.0d
11C-PIB	β-Amyloid plaque	5.3	O’Keefe et al. (2009) [37]
11C-NNC112	Dopamine D1 receptor	5.7	Cropley et al. (2006) [38]
11C-PE2I	Dopamine transporter	6.4	Ribeiro et al. (2007) [39]
11C-Mirtazapine	Central adrenoceptor	6.8	Marthi et al. (2003) [40]
11C-WAY-100635	Serotonin1A receptor	12.2a	Parsey et al. (2005) [6]
		16.0b
Mean±SD		5.1±2.2
Range		3.0–16.0
Median		4.7

GABA γ-aminobutyric acid

^aMale

^bFemale

^cCaucasian

^dJapanese