TABLE 1—
Baseline Characteristics of Participants: Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), United States, 1993–2005
| Variable | Weight Analyses (n = 71 809), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Metabolic Measure Analyses (n = 2242), No. (%) or Mean ±SD | Inflammatory Marker Analyses (n = 1950), No. (%) or Mean ±SD |
| Age at screening, y | 63.5 ±7.28 | 62.3 ±6.93 | 62.0 ±6.84 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 242 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 39 (2.0) |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 2112 (3.0) | 173 (7.7) | 174 (8.9) |
| Black | 4624 (6.5) | 663 (29.6) | 430 (22.1) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 2172 (3.0) | 260 (11.6) | 220 (11.3) |
| White | 61 725 (86.2) | 1145 (51.1) | 1042 (53.4) |
| Other | 755 (1.0) | 1 (< 0.1) | 45 (2.3) |
| Education | |||
| < high school | 2802 (3.9) | 196 (8.8) | 131 (6.7) |
| High school or GED | 11 102 (15.6) | 355 (16.0) | 381 (19.6) |
| > high school, < 4 y college | 25 657 (36.0) | 845 (38.1) | 729 (37.5) |
| ≥ 4 y college | 31 705 (44.5) | 821 (37.0) | 705 (36.2) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 36 611 (51.6) | 1196 (54.1) | 1040 (54.1) |
| Former | 30 433 (42.9) | 878 (39.7) | 739 (38.4) |
| Current | 3950 (5.6) | 137 (6.2) | 144 (7.5) |
| Hormone therapy use | |||
| Never used hormones | 20 275 (28.8) | 779 (35.5) | 831 (44.0) |
| Past hormone user | 14 511 (20.6) | 459 (20.9) | 554 (29.4) |
| Current hormone user | 35 721 (50.7) | 957 (43.6) | 502 (26.6) |
| Family history of diabetes | |||
| Yes | 21 520 (31.4) | 942 (44.9) | 711 (38.7) |
| No | 47 068 (68.6) | 1155 (55.1) | 1128 (61.3) |
| Elevated depressive symptoms at baseline | |||
| Yes | 10 474 (14.6) | 357 (15.9) | 263 (13.5) |
| No | 61 335 (85.4) | 1885 (84.1) | 1687 (86.5) |
| Taking antidepressant medication at baseline | |||
| Yes | 5061 (7.0) | 144 (6.42) | 67 (3.4) |
| No | 66 748 (93.0) | 2098 (93.6) | 1883 (96.6) |
| Taking antidepressant medication and having elevated depressive symptoms at baseline | |||
| Not depressed, not taking antidepressant medication | 57 713 (80.4) | 1790 (79.8) | 1642 (84.2) |
| Not depressed, taking antidepressant medication | 3622 (5.0) | 95 (4.2) | 45 (2.3) |
| Depressed, not taking antidepressant medication | 9035 (12.6) | 308 (13.7) | 241 (12.4) |
| Depressed, taking antidepressant medication | 1439 (2.0) | 49 (2.2) | 22 (1.1) |
| WHI participation condition | |||
| Observation study | 71 809 (100.0) | 2242 (100.0) | 1950 (100) |
| Estrogen-alone trial only | 284 (14.6) | ||
| Estrogen plus progestin trial only | 453 (23.2) | ||
| Dietary modification trial only | 797 (40.9) | ||
| HRT and dietary trials | 416 (21.3) |
Note. GED = general equivalency diploma; HRT = hormone replacement therapy.