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Mechanisms of SpA-mediated immune evasion. (Left panel) SpA (red crescent shape) present on the surface of S. aureus (SA) or SpA that is freely secreted binds the Fc region of antibody (Ab), thereby preventing normal phagocytosis (right panel). Alternatively, SpA binds the Fab regions of the B-cell receptor (lower left panel), which induces B-cell death and prevents the production of antibody specific for S. aureus. Ag, antigen; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocyte.
