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. 2013 Oct 8;4:389. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00389

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Copyright © Toivola, Nikkanen, Dahlström, Salminen, Lepistö, Vignols and Rintamäki.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The hypothetical model of NTRC function in transgenic lines overexpressing wild-type and mutated NTRC in chloroplasts. Overexpression of wild-type NTRC in Arabidopsis stimulates chloroplast metabolism both by direct reduction of NTRC target proteins by thioredoxin domain (TRXd) of NTRC and indirectly via TRXf function. The mutated NTRC with an intact reductase domain (NTRd) regulates chloroplast metabolism via free chloroplast thioredoxins, preferably TRXf. Ferredoxin-dependent thioredoxin reductase (FTR) may reduce the TRXd in the mutated enzymes with an inactive NTRd. The dashed lines indicate an inefficient reduction of the thioredoxin by the thioredoxin reductase.